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I EUDIMENTS 



ASTKONOMY: 



CONTAINING 



A DESCRIPTION OF THE GLOBES OF THE SOLAR SYSTEM, 

AND A TABLE OF THE LONGITUDE OF THE 

PLANETS AND MOON, ON 



EVERY DAY OF THE YEAR 184:9 



DIRECTIONS FOE USING THE DIAGRAM OF THE SOLAR SYSTEM, SO AS TO REPRESENT 
THE RELATIVE POSITIONS OF ALL THE HEAVENLY BODIES EVERY DAY. 



STI 



5 BOSTON: 

PUBLISHED BY JAMES FRENCH, 78 WASHINGTON STREET. 
1849. 



' — 1-J 

tS * fr RUDIMENTS 



ASTRONOMY: 



CONTAINING 

A DESCRIPTION OF THE GLOBES OF THE SOLAR SYSTEM, 

AND A TABLE OF THE LONGITUDE OF THE 

PLANETS AND MOON, ON 

EVERY DAY OF THE YEAR 1849; 



"WITH 



DIRECTIONS FOR USING THE DIAGRAM OF THE SOLAR 

SYSTEM, SO AS TO REPRESENT THE RELATIVE 

POSITIONS OF ALL THE HEAVENLY 

BODIES EVERY DAY. 



BY ENOS STEVEN. 



P U. S. A 



^BOSTON: 

16 DEVONSHIRE STREET . . . DAMRELL & MOORE, PRINTERS. 
1849. 



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Entered, according to Act of Congress, in the year 1849, by 

ENOS STEVENS, 

In the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the United States for the District 

of Massachusetts. 



PREFACE 



This book is designed to teach Astronomy as it is now understood 
by the best astronomers. I have left out the history of the science, 
and also the illustrations and explanations of its various details; and 
have confined myself to a simple narrative of the heavenly bodies. 
By leaving out the history of the science, I teach astronomy without 
first preoccupying the minds of learners with the incomplete, incor- 
rect, contradictory, and absurd theories of former ages ; and I avoid 
illustrations and explanations, because I have always found that a 
simple narrative of the facts of this science can be much more easily 
learned and remembered than the best illustrations and explanations 
that I have ever seen. But the greatest advantage of this method of 
teaching is that it keeps together the principal facts constantly before 
the astronomer's mind, in all subsequent contemplations of the sub- 
ject, instead of the various and incongruous explanations and illus- 
trations of its different details. After having been taught in this 
manner, astronomers will always be prepared to contemplate and 
describe any part of the celestial scenery, as a portion of the whole 
mechanism of the heavens, as it really exists ; rather than by the de- 
tached and contradictory explanations of its various phenomena. 
Moreover, this book is a constant and minute description of the posi- 
tions of all the planets for every day of the time for which the tables 
are already calculated ; and I intend to publish soon an ephemeris for 
many subsequent years, with a diagram on a larger scale, so as to 
give, at the same time, the ephemeris of all the satellites of the solar 
system. The numerals in this book are punctuated by placing an 
inverted period for a decimal point ; and then a comma between the 
third and fourth integers ; a semicolon between the sixth and seventh 
integers ; and an apostrophe between the ninth and tenth integers ; 
but their correlative decimal places are indicated by these same char- 
acters inverted. 

When this book is used, either in schools or families, I do not 
recommend any of it to be committed to memory verbatim ; but think 
it should be read through often, and that the learners should place 
the globules correctly in every respect upon the diagram, according 
to the ephemeris for the passing day ; and also frequently set them 
on for days several months before or afterwards. By doing this a few 
times, every one will soon become so familiar with the diagram as to 
know all the principal stars and planets by their relative positions in 
the firmament, whenever they see them. If you have this work at 
hand, while you are reading any book or newspaper article on astron- 
omy, you can at once conceive how every phenomenon described in 
them is located with reference to any or all the globes of the solar 
system, and thus comprehend it as a part of the multiform phenomena 
of the universe. To the students of surveying and navigation, it will 
be peculiarly gratifying, because it furnishes a practical location of all 
the astronomical facts or data given in the theory and practise of 
those sciences. 





EPHEMERIS OF STORMY DAYS. 










Date. 

1847. 


U 

185 


g 
> 

190 


101 


.5 P! 
PI o 

o . 

go 

99 


219 


w 
> 
166 


o 
P) 
pi 

256 


22 


w 

0) 
M 

O 
67 


74 


w 
332 


Pi 

a 

'Eb 

fH 

o 

Oi 

O 
13 


0> 


January 1 


16 


23 


314 


116 


288 


227 


170 


258 


25 


70 


75 


332 


13 




February 1 


278 


339 


132 


145 


235 


175 


261 


29 


73 


76 


333 


14 




17 


331 


4 


149 


357 


243 


180 


263 


33 


77 


78 


333 


14 




March 2 


34 


25 


162 


165 


250 


184 


265 


36 


80 


79 


334 


14 




17 


125 


49 


177 


5 


258 


188 


268 


40 


83 


81 


334 


14 




April 1 


193 


73 


191 


198 


267 


192 


270 


44 


87 


82 


335 


14 




June 2 


58 


174 


252 


280 


304 


212 


281 


64 


101 


87 


337 


15 


o 


September 11 


137 


335 


348 


188 


8 


244 


299 


104 


125 


96 


340 


16 


CO 


25 


197 


357 


2 


15 


16 


249 


302 


110 


129 


97 


340 


16 




October 11 


245 


22 


18 


221 


26 


254 


306 


117 


134 


98 


341 


16 




24 


281 


43 


31 


38 


33 


258 


308 


120 


136 


99 


341 


16 




November 7 


327 


66 


45 


218 


41 


263 


311 


126 


140 


101 


342 


17 




20 


29 


87 


58 


31 


49 


267 


314 


131 


143 


102 


342 


17 




December 4 


114 


109 


72 


214 


56 


272 


317 


135 


147 


103 


343 


17 




19 


186 


134 


87 


55 


64 


276 


321 


141 


151 


104 


343 


17 




1848. 


























— . 


January 6 


242 


163 


105 


285 


74 


282 


325 


147 


155 


105 


344 


17 




20 


281 


185 


120 


120 


181 


287 


329 


151 


159 


107 


344 


17 




February 16 


29 


229 


147 


116 


94 


294 


335 


159 


165 


109 


345 


18 




May 8 


358 


359 


228 


118 


132 


320 


360 


180 


186 


116 


348 


19 




22 


78 


21 


241 


289 


138 


323 


3 


183 


189 


117 


348 


19 




June 20 


213 


68 


269 


312 


151 


332 


14 


191 


197 


119 


349 


19 




July 17 


290 


111 


295 


308 


163 


340 


24 


197 


204 


121 


350 


19 




o 


August 16 


65 


160 


324 


345 


176 


348 


35 


203 


210 


124 


351 


20 


CO 

co 


29 


142 


181 


336 


165 


182 


351 


40 


206 


213 


125 


351 


20 




September 14 


207 


207 


352 


9 


189 


355 


46 


210 


217 


126 


352 


20 




28 


248 


229 


5 


198 


195 


359 


52 


213 


220 


127 


352 


20 




October 14 


293 


255 


21 


47 


203 


4 


59 


216 


224 


128 


353 


20 




29 


349 


279 


36 


242 


210 


8 


65 


220 


227 


130 


353 


20 




November 11 


59 


299 


49 


55 


216 


11 


70 


222 


230 


131 


354 


21 





The object of this table is to show that the greatest agitations 
of the Earth's atmosphere, occur when the Sun and many plan- 
ets are so arranged as to conspire with the Moon, so as to cause 
unusually high aerial tides. Such combinations of the globes of 
our solar system, have always been immediately followed by very 
strong winds for a day or two ; and if there have been local 
causes of rains or gales, then violent rains and storms have 
spread over vast regions. The progress of the rain or snow or 
gale is many miles per hour ; for the rain or snow formation 
spreads in the atmosphere in a manner very analogous to the fire 
on a prairie, or in the dry leaves of a forest, and the rain or snow 
is the residuum like the ashes. In the notes at the bottom of 
the ephemeris of every month, all such combinations of the 
heavenly bodies are mentioned, as a prognostication of the 
weather ; and also the days on which the Moon crosses the plane 
of the Earth's equator, when it causes its lunar equinoctial wind, 
analogous to the semiannual equinoctial storms. 



RUDIMENTS OF ASTRONOMY. 



§ 1. When we look at the stars on several clear nights, we perceive 
that we are surrounded by a vast spherical void, with an immense num- 
ber of fixed stars shining upon us from every direction, and from im- 
measurably great distances. But when we look more attentively, we 
occasionally see a few stars moving far within the spherical void, and 
often passing before the fixed stars, and sometimes even before each 
other. The names of the moving stars that we can see without the 
assistance of a telescope are the Sun, Mercury, Venus, Earth, Moon, 
Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn ; and by the help of telescopes, we can see 
Testa, Juno, Pallas, Ceres, four moons with Jupiter, seven moons with 
Saturn, Uranus and its six moons, and Neptune with one or two 
more. Besides these planets and satellites, four others have very re- 
cently been discovered in the vicinity of the orbits of Vesta and Juno ; 
and they have been named Astrsea, Hebe, Iris, and Flora. Of these four 
very little is known except their distances from the Sun, and their 
time of revolution. Because they are so small and little known, and 
as their ephemeris is not calculated, their orbits will not be found on 
the Diagram. 

§ 2. The object of the science of Astonomy is to teach all that is 
known of the stars, and to show how to take practical advantage of their 
motions ; to determine the latitude and longitude of places on the 
earth, and their courses and distances from each other ; the seasons 
of the year ; the length of the days and nights at all seasons ; the 
changes of the Moon ; the tides ; and to prognosticate when long 
and hard storms, or calm and clear weather will be most likely to oc- 
cur. Eut the object of this little book is merely to give some correct 
general ideas of the direction of a few of the fixed stars ; and the dis- 
tances, motions, and sizes of the planets ; and to show where every 
planet of our solar system will be on any required day. To give a prop- 
er general idea of all the planets at once, with all their sizes, motions, 
distances, and daily relative positions for a long time to come, I 
have delineated their orbits nearly as they are, and as I suppose they 
must appear to one stationed near the most northerly point of the 
apparent spherical void, who is looking south at the Sun, and the 
circumvolving planets, floating in the centre of such a space on a lev- 
el before him. Thence, the planets seem relatively near the Sun, 
revolving round it by going up on the right and moving over towards 
1* 



the east, and so on round from west to east. Every planet revolves in 
nearly a circular orbit, but different planets at different distances ; yet 
the more distant move in nearly the same perpendicular plane, out 
one beyond the other, like wheels around wheels on the same centre. 
The amount and direction of the variations of the plane of their or- 
bits from that of the Earth, is indicated on the Diagram. The diam- 
eters of their orbits are not shortened according to perspective, be- 
cause it would scarcely be appreciable in any orbit except Ceres and 
Pallas. This plan was pursued so as to show distinctly the direction 
of their eccentricity in revolving round the Sun. 

EXPLANATION OF THE DIAGRAM OF THE SOLAR 
SYSTEM. 

§ 3. "When you wish to study the Solar System, face southward, 
and suspend the Diagram of the Solar System perpendicularly before 
you. The central spot represents the Sun's place. The elliptical 
lines around the Sun represent the orbits of the phjaiet-s, whose names 
they severally bear, drawn on a scale of a h^djag^ociillion miles to 
the inch. The straight lines from the Sun t Jfe*<l3|5wn at every tenth 
degree of heliocentric longitude, and numbered fr«Hi the vernal equi- 
nox. To every Diagram belongs a set of fsmalHglobules, each of 
which has a wire extending through it, and projecting out and sharp- 
ened, so as to serve as a brad, with which to make it stick upon any 
required place on the Diagram, by thrusting it into the paper. The 
larger globules represent the larger planets, and are marked with the 
name or character of the planet they severally represent. The largest 
represents the Sun and must always be placed upon the central spot. 
The smallest globules are to represent the very small planets and the 



The Astronomical Characters are 

Sun, $ Juno, ip Uranus, C Last Quar. 

£ Mercury, $ Pallas, ffi Neptune, 3 Conjunction, 

9 Venus, £ Ceres, © New Moon, § Opposition, 

© Earth, 1/ Jupiter, j) First Quar. Q Ascen. Node, 

$ Mars, h Saturn, O Full Moon, 13 Des. Node. 
g Yesta, 

The Arabic numerals near the orbit of Jupiter indicate the number 
of degrees of the heliocentric longitude ; but -the Roman numerals 
near the orbit of Saturn are intended to assist" in giving the geocen- 
tric Right Ascension of objects in the time of the Earth's rotation. 

§ 4. The Astronomical Ephemebjs shows in what heliocentric 
longitude, or direction from the Sun, every planet is on every day for 
several years; and also the Moon's daily geocentric longitude, to- 
gether with the time of its various relative positions as to the Earth 
and Sun. To place the representative globules upon the Diagram at 
their proper places for any certain day, find that day in the Astronom- 
ical ephemeris, and place the several globules upon their orbits at 
the longitude that the table indicates for every one for that day.— 
When the globules are all thus put on, you have a complete miniature 
f^£ the relative courses and distances of the spheres of our Solar 
System for that day. Proceed in the same manner for the next day, 
and for many subsequent days, until you can readily put them on for 



any required day. In order to reduce the size and expense of the 
Diagram, the orbits of Uranus and Neptune are not given ; but they 
may be set on a straight line, made in continuation of those already 
given, and thus may it be rendered complete and available in all par- 
ticulars for many years. Put Uranus on at 19 inches from the Sun, 
and Neptune at 28 1-2 inches, in the longitude that the daily ephem- 
eris indicates. 

§ 5. By noticing their daily advancements for a long time, you 
perceive that they all revolve over the Sun from "west to east, and 
continue to move round always in that direction. You also see that 
the nearer the planets are to the Sun, the faster they advance ; but 
the farther off, the slower. This applies not only to the different 
planets, but also to the different portions of the orbit of the same 
planet, according as it is moving farther from, or nearer to the Sun. 
The average hourly motions of the several planets in their revolu- 
tions are given in the table of dimensions. The distance that any 
planet is from the Sun, on any particular day, is the length of its 
radius vector for that day. The letter P on every orbit indicates its 
perihelion point, where the planet is nearest the Sun; and the 
diametrically opposite point is the aphelion, where it is farthest 
from the Sun. 

The planes of the orbits of all the planets are nearly in the same 
perpendicular plane around the centre of the Sun, but no one is quite 
in that of any other ; and a part of the orbit of every planet is north 
of the plane of the Earth's orbit, and just half of its longitude is 
south of it while they revolve round the Sun. But their difference 
from each other is only a very few degrees, and hence, in the Diagram 
they are all drawn as if they were in the same plane. The part of 
every orbit that is north of the Earth's orbit is indicated by a contin- 
uous line ; and the rest of it, which is south of the Sun, by a dotted 
line. The table of Dimensions shows how many degrees the plane of 
every orbit varies from the plane of the earth's orbit. The ascending 
node of a planet is where it passes through the plane of the earth's 
orbit and revolves north of it ; and the descending node is the point 
where it passes through towards the South, and is always 180° 
from the ascending node. When a planet enters upon the continu- 
ous line of its orbit, it is at its ascending node ; and when it begins 
on the dotted line, there is its descending node. The number of mil- 
lion miles that every planet is north or south of the Earth's orbit at 
various stations, is indicated by the numerals along their orbits. To 
represent the various inclinations of the different orbits most practi- 
cally in placing the representative globules upon the diagram, and 
the amount of their distances north or south of the Sun, first, put on 
the Sun firmly, and then put on the Earth so that their centres will 
be at equal distances from the Diagram, which will be best done by 
thrusting in their several brads to the mark. Yv T hen the other planets 
are near their nodes, put them on at the same distance from the 
Diagram as the Earth, and thrust in their brads to the mark. But as 
they advance along the dotted line from their descending nodes, 
thrust in their brads farther and farther every day, until they severally 
arrive at the southernmost point of their orbits. From this point, 
leave them out a little more and more every day until they come to 
their ascending nodes, where they severally must be just as promi- 
nent as the Sun and Earth. But as they advance farther and farther 
from their ascending nodes, along their continuous lines, let the brads 



8 

be left farther and farther out from the Diagram, until they come to 
their northernmost point. From this point, the brads must be grad- 
ually thrust in farther and farther every day, until the planets return 
to their descending nodes. The numerals along the orbits of the 
planets show how many hundredths of an inch the planets are distant 
forward or beyond the globule that represents the Earth. Although 
the planets are often in the same longitude with each other, yet they 
seldom pass directly one between the Sun and the other : but when 
they do, the one nearest the Sun performs a transit before the other. 
Moreover, three or more planets may be in a straight line with each 
other when they are in very different longitudes. On the Diagram, 
the inclinations of the planes of the orbits of the different planets 
are represented as if perpetually stationary, although they are all 
gradually becoming less and less different from each other, as if they 
were ultimately designed to revolve exactly over each other. 



STARS AND CONSTELLATIONS. 

§ 6. But if we now follow out the plane of the Earth's orbit for 
more than twenty trillion miles, or three miles on the scale of the 
Diagram of the solar system, we shall find an immense multitude of 
stars in every direction. Indeed they seem to surround the Solar 
System, at more than that distance, on every side, so as to appear to 
inclose it in a spherical space. The principal stars in the different 
directions from the Sun are supposed to be divided into a certain 
number of clusters, each of which has a distinct name ; and even 
the several stars that make up every cluster are either named or 
numbered. Those clusters or constellations that are situated in the 
planes of the orbits of the principal planets are the twelve constella- 
tions of the Zodiac, each of which extends about 30° or one twelfth 
of the circuit of the heavens. The names of the constellations 
of the Zodiac are Pisces, Aries, Taurus, Gemini, Cancer, Leo, 
Virgo, Libra, Scorpio, Sagittarius, Capricornus and Aquarius. The 
immense distance of these stars precludes the possibility of repre- 
senting them proportionably on the Diagram, and therefore they are 
omitted ; yet for the sake of communicating an idea of the location 
of the various constellations, I have put their names on the outside 
of the Diagram, on the side of the Sun on which they are severally 
to be found. I have also put on the names and a line towards the 
principal fixed stars in several of them, especially the nine stars, from 
which the angular distance of the moon is taken in calculating the 
longitude of stations on land, and of vessels at sea. The dotted 
line indicates the star to be in South latitude, and the continuous line, 
North latitude. A heavenly body is said to be in a certain constella- 
tion when it is in that segment of space which lies towards and in- 
cludes that constellation ; that is, every constellation, whether in the 
Zodiac or not, gives its name to the whole of the segment of space 
in the direction in which we look at it. Hence any planet or other 
heavenly body may be said to be in a certain constellation at one 
time ; and after it, or the observer, revolves a considerable amount, it 
will seem in another constellation. Of the miscellaneous stars near 
the orbit of Saturn, those on the outside are north of the plane of 
the Earth's orbit, and those within, are south. The first letter of the 
name of every star ia at the longitude of the star referred to. 



Moreover, a planet or other heavenly body will seem in one constel- 
lation, if viewed from the Earth ; but in another if viewed from the 
Sun. The direction that a planet, or other heavenly body is from the 
Sun, is its heliocentric position ; and its direction from the Earth is 
its geocentric position. Hence we speak of heliocentric longitude, 
and geocentric longitude, although both are reckoned from the same 
plane in space, but around different centres. The daily positions of 
the planets are given in the Ephemeris according to their heliocentric 
longitude ; but the position of the moon is given according to its 
geocentric longitude, reckoned around the centre of the Earth. 

When Mercury or Venus are on the opposite side of the Sun from 
the Earth, then their apparent geocentric motions through the con- 
stellations are faster than their real revolutions round the Sun, on 
account of the Earth's motion in the opposite direction. For while 
they go up, the Earth goes down ; or while they go to the right, the 
Earth goes to the left. But when the Earth and Mercury or Venus 
are on the same side of the Sun, then they seem to move across the 
field of view in the opposite direction, or to retrograde through sev- 
eral constellations. Again, when in that part of their orbits which 
extends towards where the Earth then is, they seem neither to ad- 
vance in longitude, nor to retrograde through the constellations ; but 
in reality they are either approaching, or going away past the Earth 
in their revolutions round the Sun. Something of this sort of appa- 
rent retrograde motion occurs in relation to the positions of all the 
planets whose orbits are larger than that of the Earth. That is, 
when the Earth and any more distant planet are on the same side of 
the Sun, then the more distant planet seems to retrograde, to the 
amount of the difference of the Earth's motion faster than the more 
distant planet. For example, during February, 1849, Jupiter will 
appear to retrograde, and Saturn during September. 

When a place on the Earth is directly between its centre and the 
Sun, it is noon at that place ; and when the earth has made a half 
rotation, it will be midnight there, and we may see the stars in the 
adjacent hemisphere of the abyss of space. Places towards that 
part of the orbit that is just passed through, have the setting sun in 
their western horizon ; and places towards the future orbit, have the 
rising sun in their eastern horizon. But when the sun is above the 
horizon of a place, all the stars above the horizon are invisible, on 
account of the Sun's dazzling light. But wherever the Sun is not 
above the horizon of a place, you may see all the stars and planets 
that are then in the upper hemisphere of space bounded by the vis- 
ible horizon. "When any planet or star is visible soon after sunset, it 
is an Evening Star. But if it is not visible at sunset, it will be 
visible, or very near the Sun in the morning. If it is visible a little 
before sunrise, it is a Morning Star. 

To determine definitely from the Diagram in what constellation 
any planet or star will appear from the Earth, take a thread about a 
yard long, tie the ends together, and loop the middle over the brads 
of both the Earth and the Sun. Now let that part of the thread 
which passes around the Earth, extend close along straight by the 
given planet, or star, to the margin of the Diagram, and at the same 
time, hold the other part of the thread which passes around the Sun 
parallel to that around the Earth. When the two parts of the 
straight thread are thus held parallel to each other, and one extend- 
ing from the Earth to the planet, or star, and the other part parallel 



10 

to it from the Sun, then read off the constellation, or degree of longi 
tude on the thread that extends directly from the Sun. But to deter- 
mine from the Diagram how many hours before, or after midnight, a 
certain planet or star will be in the meridian of any place ; first de- 
termine its geocentric longitude by the above directions, and then 
count the hours, and parts of an hour, between it and the heliocen- 
tric longitude of the Earth. If its place is geocentrically west of that 
of the Earth's from the Sun, then it will be on the meridian before 
midnight ; but if east of the Earth's place, then it will be in the 
meridian after midnight. But because Mercury and Venus are 
always very near the Sun, they always rise and set near the same 
time with the Sun ; therefore they are never seen for nearly 3 hours 
before or after midnight. 

THE MOON. 

§ 7. In its revolutions round the Sun, the Earth is accompanied 
by the Moon, which continually moves round the Earth in the 
same manner that the Earth revolves round the Sun. The column 
in the Ephemeris, under the word "Moon," shows in what direc- 
tion from the Earth the Moon is on, every day, at about seven 
o'clock in the morning of civil time, in longitude seventy-five de- 
grees west of Greenwich. During their mutual revolutions round 
the Sun, the Moon and Earth revolve round each other about 
twelve and a half times. The globule representing the Moon must 
be stuck upon the diagram very near the Earth, and in a direc- 
tion from it parallel to the line representing the same longitude 
round the Sun. The Moon and the Earth revolve in nearly circular 
orbits round the Sun, and yet, if you merely compare their relative 
positions with each other, they seem only to revolve round each other. 
The plane of the Moon's orbit round the Earth is not parallel to the 
Earth's round the Sun, but differs from it about five degrees. The 
amount of the difference between the planes of their orbits always 
remains about the same, while the direction of the inclination of the 
Moon's orbit is so rapidly changing all the time, that it slants towards 
every point of the circle in about eighteen years. In the same column 
of the Ephemeris with its longitude, you may see on what day the 
Moon passes through its nodes ; and also through its perigee and 
apogee which are analogous to the perihelion and aphelion, as to re- 
volving round the Sun. The character Q in the table is set opposite 
the day in which the Moon passes its ascending node, and y the de- 
scending node ; P. the peregee ; and A. the apogee. In following 
the revolutions of the Moon a few years, you perceive that its nodes 
are rapidly retrograding or going back, and revolve quite round the 
Earth in about eighteen years and eleven days, but its perigee and 
apogee sometimes advance and at others retrograde in longitude. In 
placing the Moon upon the diagram, observe always to thrust in its brad 
so as to indicate correctly whether the Moon is north or south of the 
Earth, and how much. From the ascending to. the descending node, 
it is north, and from the descending to the ascending node it is south 
of the Earth. When midway between its nodes, it is about twenty 
thousand miles from the plane of the Earth's orbit ; and when 30° from 
either node, is about ten thousand miles bff, and at other points it is 
proportionably distant north or south of the Earth's orbit. 



11 



ECLIPSES. 

§ 8. When the Earth and Moon arrive at the same range of longi- 
tude, the one will not eclipse the other from the light of the Sun, 
unless they are in or very near one of its nodes. For if they are mid- 
way between its nodes, then the centre of the Moon is 20,000 miles 
north or south of the centre of the Earth, and the shadow of the one 
cannot extend in width to the body of the other. But if they are 
within 16 1-2 degrees of its nodes, then, when the Earth passes into 
the same heliocentric longitude with the Moon, a part of the shadow 
of the Earth must extend over a part or the whole of the Moon. If 
this occurs when the Moon is within two or three degrees of its nodes, 
then the Moon will be darkened by the shadow of the Earth for sev- 
eral hours. "When the Moon is within 10 1-2 degrees of either of its 
nodes, and comes between the Earth and Sun, the Moon's shadow will 
touch some part of the Earth ; but as the Moon is so much smaller 
than the Sun, and also smaller than the Earth, its shadow never gets 
to darken a space on the Earth over two hundred miles in diameter ; 
and if it is exactly at its nodes, either it may be so far off that the 
shadow comes to a point before it reaches the Earth, or there will be 
a total eclipse of the Sun from a small place on the Earth near its 
equator. If the Moon is too far from the Earth, there will be an an- 
nular instead of a total eclipse. In an annular eclipse the Moon seems 
to pass centrally before the Sun, yet, when before its centre, it shows 
a bright ring all around outside of the Moon. 



ATTRACTION OF GRAVITATION. 

§ 9. By still nicer observations of the motions of the planets and 
their satellites, we see that a mutual attraction of gravitation exists 
between them all ; and that they are prevented from all falling togeth- 
er by the momentum of their motions. The force of attraction varies 
inversely as the squares of their distances. When the revolving 
globes move so fast that the centripetal attraction is not sufficiently 
strong to bend them continually out of a straight line into a circle, 
the planets then gradually recede from the Sun. In going off, their 
motions are continually retarded, as a stone would be, when thrown 
up from the surface of the Earth. Yet the retardation of going off 
is greater than the decrease of the force of attraction at a greater dis- 
tance. But when their motions have been so reduced that the central 
attraction can draw it gradually round into circular motion, they 
describe nearly circular lines. But when the form of the line of mo- 
tion gradually changes from receding to circular, it always soon goes 
over to approaching the centre of gravity and motion, and then the 
centripetal force gets the advantage of direction, and makes the re- 
volving bodies gradually -approach the centre. As they approach, their 
motions are accelerated, like the velocity of a stone falling towards 
the Earth, and it soon becomes so rapid that the centripetal force can- 
not bend it to circular motion, and then it gradually recedes. From 
the time a revolving planet is farthest off in one revolution, until it 
has approached the centre and is farthest off again, it has usually 
revolved a little more than once round the centre, and hence the 
orbits are not perfectly elliptical, but a sort of spiral line through 



12 

space, and they probably never revolve twiee along the same region. 
If two bodies revolve round their common centre of gravity without 
being influenced by other transient bodies, they would revolve in per- 
fect ellipses. But while the planets revolve around the Sun, they are 
frequently drawn forward and occasionally backward, each by the 
influence of the others. In this manner the Moon's apogees and 
perigees are very much drawn backward and forward by the Sun. 
Hence the aphelions and perihelions of all s the planets are continu- 
ally changing their longitudes, and the same principles of revolution 
apply, and in a greater degree, to the motions of the satellites 
round their several planets. In the cases of the planets, the revolu- 
tions of their aphelions are so little at any one revolution, that their 
progress is scarcely appreciable in less than one hundred years. But 
in relation to the satellites it is very rapid, and soon would bring the 
aphelions on the opposite side of the centre. 



ROTATORY MOTIONS. 

§ 10. When we direct our attention more exclusively to the surfaces 
of the celestial globes, we immediately perceive spots upon them, 
and soon see that all the planets rotate, or roll round their own 
centres from west to east, in the same direction that they revolve 
round the Sun. The time that the several planets take to rotate is 
given in the table of Dimensions. The small wires, where they pass 
through the globules, represent the axes of their rotations ; but the 
rest of the wires are merely the handles or brads that must be thrust 
perpendicularly into their places on the diagram. The angle in the 
wire represents the inclinations of the various axes from the perpendic- 
ular to the plane of the Earth's orbit. The axes of the different globes 
must always point in certain different directions, although the axis of 
the same globe must always point in very nearly the same direction for 
any small number of years. The table of Dimensions shows towards 
which line of longitude the several axes should incline ; and also the 
number of degrees that the axes vary from the perpendicular to the 
plane of the Earth's orbit. Astronomers have not yet discovered the 
rotations of Vesta, Juno, Ceres, Pallas, Astrsea, Hebe, Iris, Flora, 
Uranus, nor Neptune, and their observations on Mercury are some- 
what indefinite, especially as to the direction of its axis. The direc- 
tion of the axis of Uranus is inferred from the directions of the 
revolutions of its moons. But the rotation of Uranus and Neptune 
has not been*directly discovered. 

DAY AND NIGHT. 

§ 11. The Sun is continnally emitting light and heat in every 
direction, and hence keeps the surface of the hemisphere, turned 
towards its rays, constantly illuminated by solar light ; while the 
opposite side of every planet, being turned from the Sun, is without so- 
lar light and hence is in darkness. But when the planets rotate with 
their axes perpendicular to their radius vectors, then all parts of their 
surfaces are brought successively into light and darkness ; and every 
place upon their surfaces then enjoys a duration of sun-light and 
darkness equal to those of every other place on the same planet. 
Jupiter's axis is always nearly perpendicular to its orbit and radius vec- 



13 

tor, and hence the time of sun-light and darkness are of equal length 
at all places on his surface. But the axes of the other planets vary 
considerably from the perpendicular to the plane of their own orbits, 
and are perpendicular to then- radius vectors in only two points. 
These diametrically opposite points are their equinoxes. From that 
equinox through which the Earth passes in September, celestial lon- 
gitude is reckoned ; but the equinoxes of the other planets are at 
different longitudes. As the various durations of sun-light and dark- 
ness on the different planets are very analogous to those of the Earth, 
a good general idea of them all may be acquired by examining merely 
the Earth. The equinoxes of the various planets will always be just 
ninety degrees from the line of longitude towards which their several 
axes incline. 



LENGTH OF DAY AND NIGHT. 

§ 12. When the Earth revolves from the right or September equinox, 
the northern pole of its axis gradually recedes from the Sun more 
and more, and rotates in darkness until the Earth has revolved half 
of its orbit. At 90 degrees of longitude, the north pole is 23 1-2 
degrees from the sun-lighted portion of the Earth's surface, and the 
part not daily illuminated has gradually extended from a mere point at 
the north pole, until it extends 23 1-2 degrees from it in every direction. 
But while a portion of the northern hemisphere of the Earth has been 
rotating many times in continuous darkness, a similar portion of the 
southern hemisphere has been exposed to continuous sunlight for as 
many rotations. As the Earth revolves from 90° to 180° of longitude, 
its axis gradually approaches the perpendicular to its radius vector, 
and the continuous dark and light portions of its surface gradually 
become narrower, until it arrives at the March or left equinox, when 
the sun-lighted and dark parts of the days are again of equal length 
throughout its whole surface. From 180° to 270° of its revolutions, 
the south pole of the Earth advances farther and farther into contin- 
uous darkness, and the northern regions have continuous sun-light as 
long as the opposite region is in darkness. From 270° to the first 
degree again, the continuous dark and light portions of its surface 
become gradually narrower, until the sun-lighted part of every rotation 
is just equal to its dark part at every place. Places on the Earth 
near its equator, will always have about equal portions of light and 
darkness every day ; but as places are farther from the equator, they 
will have the greater part of their rotations in the sun-light when 
one pole is turned towards the radius vector during their summer ; 
and more than half of them in darkness while the other pole is near- 
er the Sun, diu-ing their winter. The farther north or south the 
places are, the greater will be their extremes of long light and of long 
darkness. At the poles there is alternately six months light and six 
months darkness. Places 23 degrees from either pole have several 
rotations of continuous light in summer, and of continuous darkness 
in winter, and then the duration of their sun-light and of their darkness 
gradually changes from one extreme to the other. The intermediate 
places have intermediate exposure to light and darkness. 

The more slanting the axis of a globe is, the wider will be the 
circle in which the light and darkness will continue one or more rota- 
tions. When the axis is as slanting as that of Yenus, then the polar 
2 



14 

circles extend to within 15° of its equator ; and the sun becomes per- 
pendicular to all places more than 15° from the poles. At Mars and 
Saturn, the variations as to solar light and darkness of the days will 
be very analogous to those of the Earth, although their years are 
much longer and the days of Saturn much shorter than the years and 
days of the Earth. 

TIME. 

§ 13. The exact time of a revolution of the Earth is ascertained 
by observing the time from when the Earth is exactly opposite any 
certain star in the Zodiac, until it is exactly in the same heliocentric 
longitude again under that star ; when it will have been moving 
365 days 6 hours 9 minutes and 10 3-4 seconds, which is called a 
sidereal year. The times of the revolutions of all the other planets 
are ascertained in the same manner ; but the exact number of min- 
utes and seconds of each one is attained by taking the average of a 
great number of revolutions. A year on the Earth is the time inter- 
vening between, when the poles of the Earth are perpendicular to its 
radius vector at the right equinox through which it passes in Septem- 
ber, and its arrival at a point in its orbit, where its poles are again 
perpendicular to its radius vector, near the previous September equi- 
nox ; and takes 365 days, 5 hours, 48 minutes and 48 seconds. The 
difference of 22 minutes and 23 seconds, between the Earth's revolu- 
tions and its years, results from the Moon's acting on the protuber- 
ance around the Earth's equator, and thereby continually drawing its 
poles easterly a very little, so that the plane of the equator is tilted 
westerly, making its axis come to be perpendicular to the radius 
vector before a revolution is completed. The Moon thus draws for- 
ward the poles of the Earth in nearly the arc of a circle of 47° 
diameter, as if it would complete the circuit in about 25,000 years, in 
which time, the equinoxes would pass successively through the whole 
orbit, and carry the seasons along with them at their present relative 
distance from the equinoctial points. Consequently, at the end of 
about 12,000 years, when persons place the globules upon this dia- 
gram of the solar system, theyjwill make the Earth's axis slant down- 
wards, instead of upwards, as at present ; and then they will have 
Winter in the Northern hemisphere, while the Earth is passing 
through those constellations where they now^have their Northern 
Summer. 

"While the Moon is thus drawing forward the poles of the Earth 
through a revolution of about 47° in diameter in about 25,000 years, 
the Sun acts on the same protuberance and is continually drawing 
the poles of the Earth towards the poles of the plane of the Earth's 
orbit, at such a rate as to make them coincide in about 150,000 years. 
Then, astronomers will put the Earth upon the diagram with its axis 
perpendicular ; and a perpetual Spring will reign incessantly over the 
whole Earth as on Jupiter ; and the dark and illuminated portions of 
the day will be equal on every region of its surface. But as the 
poles of the Earth are subject to both these influences at the same 
time, they will traverse an intermediate line between them, and thus 
describe a spiral line, revolving six times around the poles of the 
plain of its orbit before the one pole will coincide with the other. 
Moreover, this coincidence of the poles of the daily rotation of the 
Earth with the poles of the plane of its yearly revolution, is slightly 



15 

modified by the continual, though very slow transposition of the 
plane of the orbit of the Earth's revolution round the Sun. "When 
you look on the diagram, you see that the orbits of all the planets 
are north of that of the Earth on the left hand side of the Sun, but 
south of it on the right ; and therefore the effect of their attraction 
■will tend to tilt round the plane of the Earth's orbit towards the 
north on the left, and towards the south on the right, as if the 
planes of the orbits of all the planets were ultimately designed to 
coincide with each other. But the influence of the attraction of the 
other planets will probably never vary the plane of the orbit of the 
Earth round the Sun over two or three degrees. 



EQUATION OF TIME. 

§ 14. A vertical plane extending north and south through any 
place'on the Earth, and extending indefinitely into space on the same 
side of the Earth's axis, is the meridian of that place. The exact 
time of the ROTATION of the Earth is ascertained by observing 
the time from when any certain star is on the meridian of a place, 
until its meridian passes through the same (star again. The Earth 
always rotates at the same uniform rate, and hence the sidereal rota- 
tions are always just 23 hours, 56 minutes, and five seconds. A 
DAY is the time from when the Sun is in the meridian of any certain 
place, until it is in the meridian of the same place again. A day 
exceeds a sidereal rotation by the time of the same number of 
degrees of rotatory motion that the Earth performs of its revolution 
round the Sun, during a rotation and until it brings the given merid- 
ian into the Sun again. Because the Earth moves with different 
velocity in the different parts of its orbit, therefore it advances 
unequal quantities in each rotation ; and hence requires unequal por- 
tions of a rotation to bring the given meridian into the Sun, and 
makes the length of the days differ from each other a few sec- 
onds. The mean or average length of the days is 24 hours ; of which 
365 days, 5 hours, 48 minutes, and 48 seconds, make a year. Mean 
days are indicated by clocks ; but as the actual days are of various 
lengths, sometimes their noons will come before and at others a little 
after that indicated by the clocks. Near its perihelion, that is, during 
December and January, the Earth revolves faster than average, both 
because the velocity per hour is faster, and also because the degrees 
of its orbit here have a shorter radius vector, and hence a shorter cir- 
cuit. But near its aphelion, during June and July, it revolves slower 
in its orbit, because it is farther off from the centre of motion, and 
because it is moving slower per hour. When the Earth passes 
through the greatest number of degrees of its orbit in a given time, 
then it requires the greatest part of a rotation to bring the given 
meridian to the Sun, so as to complete a day ; and hence in the months 
of December and January, the days are a few seconds longer than 
average ; while in June and July they are shorter. 

§ 15. But the principal cause of the unequal length of the days, 
and into which that resulting from unequal velocity in its orbit is 
merged, and nearly lost sight of, is the variation of the Earth's axis 
from the perpendicular to its radius vector. When the Earth is at 
the equinoxes, the solar days are a little shorter than the mean or 
clock days of 24 hours ; but as the axis of the Earth departs from the 



16 

perpendicular to its radius vector, the Earth has to rotate more than 
it otherwise would to bring the given meridian into the Sun; and 
hence the rotations of the Earth there seem to lose on clock time, 
from near the equinoxes, until it is 90° from them ; and thence it 
approaches clock time again, until it arrives at the other equinox. 
That is, in other words, the variation of the Earth's axis from the 
perpendicular to the radius vector, results as if an extra part of a 
rotation had to be allowed for in time, and that the farther it varied, 
the more time the Earth seemed behind its average or mean time of 
bringing its meridians to the Sun. When the Earth is near its 
equinoxes, its days are a very few seeonds each shorter than the mean 
day, according to a perfect clock ; and when midway between them, 
the days are a little longer than the mean days ; but when at about 
45 degrees from either equinox, it makes the days of very near the 
mean length. The inequality of the Earth's revolution in its various 
parts makes the Earth seem dilatory, compared with the clock, when 
it is in its perihelion, which is at about 100 degrees of longitude, 
which is only ten degrees from midway between the equinoxes ; and 
the inclination of its axis to the perpendicular to its radius vector, 
makes the days too long at about the same portion of its orbit ; hence, 
when the Earth passes through that portion of its orbit, it will be 
behind the clock by the amount of the effects of both these causes 
together ; but while it is near its aphelion, or 280°, the irregularity of 
the velocity of its revolution would make the days a little shorter 
than the clock, but the inclination of its axis would make them much 
longer than the mean or average days of the clock ; and therefore the 
days are then longer than the mean days by the difference of the 
effects of these causes ; and hence the Earth is then a little behind 
the clock in bringing on noon. 

§ 16. The only allusion that the science of astronomy contains to 
the Christian religion is, that the astronomer's clocks for marking 
mean solar time, are always supposed to be started at Christmas, on 
December 25, where the Earth is at 94° of longitude. In this part 
of its orbit, the solar days most exceed the mean day, from the 
combination of both the causes just described ; but the solar days 
here begin to exceed the mean clock days less and less every day 
until the 11th of February, at 143° of longitude, where the solar days 
are just equal to mean days, but by having made longer days previ- 
ously, the Earth has here got behind the clock 14 minutes and 32 
seconds. 

From this time until long after it passes the next equinox, the 
Earth makes the solar days shorter than the mean clock days, and 
now begins to make up what it recently had fallen behind ; and on 
April 14, at 204°, it has gained on the clock as much as it had before 
lost, and here solar and mean time again agree, although here, the 
solar days are the shortest in the year. From here, the Earth still 
continues to gain on the clock, although less and less every day, until 
May 15, longitude 234°, where it makes the solar days of mean 
length ; but here the Earth has become 3 minutes and 56 seconds 
faster than mean time ; or, in other words, has brought the meridian 
to the Sun so much sooner than the clock indicated. 

From May 15, in 234° heliocentric longitude, while near its aphe- 
lion and the greatest inclination of its axis towards its radius vector, 
the Earth makes the solar days longer and longer than average, 
according to the difference of the two above described causes ; and 



17 

by June 14, longitude 263°, it has lost what it had before gained on 
the clock, so that mean and solar time are again alike, and the solar 
days are here nearly as long as they were at Christmas. Until July 
26, longitude 303°, the Earth still falls behind mean time, although 
less and less every day ; and there it will be 6 minutes and 11 seconds 
behind mean time, although the Earth will there be making mean 
days. 

From July 26, the Earth again makes the solar days shorter than 
the mean days, and by August 31, longitude 338°, it amounts to as 
much as it was lately behind, so that mean and solar time again agree 
here, where the solar days are about as short as they were on May 15. 
From August 31 until November 3, longitude 41°, every day is still 
a little shorter than average, but less and less so, and then it amounts 
to 16 minutes and 17 seconds ; and the last day is of mean length, 
although it is completed more than a quarter of an hour before the 
clock indicates it should be finished. 

From November 3 until December 25, the Earth makes the solar 
days exceed the mean days more and more, and at this time, its 
tardiness will have lost just as much as it had before gained ; and 
hence, here the mean and solar time again agree, as they did at the 
commencement of the observation, when a perfect clock, making 24 
hours per day, began to indicate the noons of mean days. In the 
course of the year, the clock has been twice faster and twice slower 
than the solar mid-day indicated its noon ; and the clock or mean 
time just agreed with solar time four times, sometimes one being 
ahead and sometimes the other, but always varying according to the 
sum or difference of the two causes already described. 



PHASES OF THE MOON AND PLANETS. 

§ 17. If a person looks at the celestial spheres from the Earth, he 
sees only that part of their surfaces which is both shined upon by the 
Sun and turned towards himself. If any planet and the Earth and 
Sun are nearly in a straight line with any arrangement that has the 
Earth and Sun on the same side of the object, then it appears round 
and bright. But as their mutual positions gradually change, so that 
the Sun and Earth are on opposite sides of the object, the illumin- 
ated circle of its disk gradually diminishes to a mere carved line of 
light, and finally vanishes from sight, when the Sun illuminates only 
the side farthest from the observer. This phenomenon of sometimes 
appearing round and bright, and at others a narrow line of light, or a 
dark spot in the sky, is most conspicuously seen in relation to the 
Moon; but it may be easily seen also as to Mercury and Venus, and 
to some extent as to all the other planets and satellites of our solar 
system. When Mercury or Venus appear as a dark spot crossing the 
Sun, they are said to be in a transit. When they or any other hea- 
venly bodies pass directly behind the Sun or Moon, or each other, 
they are said to be eclipsed from the sight of the inhabitants of that 
globe from which they are hidden. But when the planets are very 
near and beyond the Sun, in geocentric longitude, they are invisible, 
on account of its brilliancy. 

When the Moon is directly on the opposite side of the Earth from 
the Sun, that is, when its longitude from the Sun is the same as that 
of the Earth ; then the fully illuminated side of the Moon is shining 
2* 



18 

on the Earth. The only exception to this is when the Moon is near 
its nodes, when it will be eclipsed by the Earth. When the Moon is 
on the side of the Earth towards the Sun, that is, when its geocen- 
tric longitude is just 180° different from the heliocentric longitude of 
the Earth, then the illuminated portion of the Moon is turned from 
the Earth, and is scarcely visible. From its conjunction with the Sun 
the Moon's revolutions are counted, and hence it is now called the New 
Moon, when it enters on a new revolution. If the Moon is now near 
its node, it will hide the Sun from a part of the Earth. But when 
the geocentric longitude of the Moon is just 90° from the plane 
through the Sun and Earth, then only half of the illuminated sur- 
face of the Moon is in sight of the Earth. The convex side of its 
disk is always towards the Sun. These different stages of the Moon, 
are called, New Moon, First Quarter, Full Moon, and Third Quarter. 
"While the Moon is farther from the Sun than the Earth, it is going 
through its first and full Quarters ; but when nearer the Sun than the 
Earth, it is in its third and new quarters. 

Because Mars and Jupiter are always farther from the Sun than the 
Earth, they always present more than a semicircle of illuminated 
disk. But when Mercury or Venus come into the same plane of 
longitude with the Sun and Earth, they are almost invisible in the 
dazzling brightness of the Sun, and hence their phases like the new 
and full moons are scarcely visible ; while their intermediate phases 
are always conspicuous when the planets themselves are visible. 



PROGRESSION OF LIGHT, ABERRATION, &c. 

§ 18. If we should make very accurate observations of the motions 
of Jupiter's satellites about the first of February 1849, and there- 
from calculate their evolutions for the rest of the year, in June and 
December we would find that our calculations indicated 8 minutes 
and 13 seconds too soon ; and in September, the phenomena of their 
eclipses and transits would occur 16 minutes and 26 seconds later 
than the calculations indicated. When you place the globule planets 
on the Diagram for the first days of the months mentioned, you at 
once perceive that in Feb. the Earth is about 95;000,000 miles nearer 
Jupiter than in December or June ; and 190;000,000 miles nearer than 
in September. Hence light requires 8 minutes and 13 seconds, to trav- 
el the diameter of the Earth's orbit. Therefore, this progression of 
light is to be allowed for in all nice astronomical calculations. More- 
over, we should also allow for the motion of the Earth in its orbit, 
when the light strikes us, and this is the Aberration of Light. 



TIDES. 

§ 19. The time of the Moon's rotation on its axis being the same 
as the time of its revolution round the Earth, it always presents the 
same side towards the Earth. But as the Moon's rotation is uniform 
on its axis, while its revolution round the Earth is accelerated in 
some parts of its orbit, and retarded in others, it sometimes shows to 
the Earth's inhabitants a little more on one side, and then a little 
more on the other, than what it usually does. While the Earth and 
Moon mutually revolve round their common centre of gravity, their 



19 

centripetal and centrifugal forces are just balanced at the distance of 
the Earth's centre from the Moon, as to all bodies on the Earth's 
surface. But bodies on the side of the Earth next to the Moon, being 
nearer the Moon by the amount of the Earth's semi-diameter, are 
partially lifted towards the Moon. On the contrary, those places 
that are on the side of the Earth farthest from the Moon, are be- 
yond the balance of forces, and all objects there have a centrifugal 
tendency to fly from the Moon. By the rotation of the Earth, and 
the revolution of the Moon, every place on the Earth's surface passes 
through both of these circumstances every twenty-five hours, and 
hence the air and water are subjected to these influences twice every 
lunar day, whose mean length is very nearly 24 hours and 48 3-4 min- 
utes. In an analogous manner, the Earth's air and water are influ- 
enced twice every rotation on its axis by the attraction of the Sun ; 
and in a very slight degree by the attraction of every one of the 
planets. "When two, or three, or many of the heavenly bodies, are so 
arranged as to combine their influences at the same time and place, 
then a much greater effect is produced upon the air and water of 
those places, than if they acted at different times. Erom all these 
influences mainly result the winds and tides. 



WINDS AND TIDES. 

§ 20. Of all the heavenly bodies, the Moon is very much the 
nearest to the Earth, and therefore the ratio of the Earth's semi- 
diameter, to the distance to the Moon, is much greater than the ratio 
of the Earth's semi-diameter to the distance to the Sun, or to any 
other globe ; and consequently, the agitations of the air and water 
produced by the Moon on the Earth are much greater than those pro- 
duced by any other celestial object, and even about double the 
amount produced by all the others combined. But all the planets are 
not in the same plane of longitude even once in many million years ; 
and hence, practically, the winds and tides are principally controlled 
by the Moon. At any given place on the side of the Earth nearest to 
the Moon, the Moon's attraction is most intense towards elevating the 
air and water from the general sphericity of the Earth ; but the Moon 
is there acting directly against the Earth's gravitation, and hence, there 
has accomplished only a very little of the approaching tide, because 
its attraction is not strong enough to raise the air and water perpen- 
dicularly. On the contrary, a place ninety degrees of longitude from 
the former, is so situated that the attraction of the Moon acts in a 
horizontal or level direction ; and hence might heap up an immense 
pile of water, and air, if all its force was not neutralized in the bal- 
ance of the centrifugal and centripetal forces of the revolution of 
the Earth and Moon around their centre of gravity. But at any 
given place between 40 and 60 degrees of longitude from being in con^ 
junction with the Moon, where the Moon's attraction draws on a 
somewhat favorable slant against the Earth's gravitation, although 
with a somewhat diminished force, it here accomplishes most, in 
raising the air and water, and thus consummates the tides at about 
45 degrees or three hours from the conjunction with the Moon. 

§21. When any given place has the rising Moon in its horizon and 
begins to be nearer the Moon than the centre of the Earth is, then 
its superincumbent air and water are attracted eastward. When the 



20 

Earth's rotation has brought this place within 40 or 50 degrees of 
having the Moon in its Zenith, the water there begins to have a per- 
ceptible motion eastward, which gradually increases until the Moon is 
in the Zenith. For the next 40° of rotation, this current of air and 
water continues to rush eastward, but is gradually more and more 
retarded by the Moon's attraction until about three hours or 45 de- 
grees past the Moon, and there it is stopped, and then begins to 
move westward, with the greatest force of the Moon's attraction, and 
is heaped upon that which is moving in the opposite direction, and 
there forms the tide between .two and three hours, or about 40° after 
the Moon has passed the meridian. For the next three hours, the 
Moon's attraction still continues to lead the current of air and water 
westward, although with a diminishing force, until the Moon sets, 
when the Moon's power is neutralized again in the balance of the cen- 
trifugal and centripetal forces. For a short time after the place has 
been ninety degrees past the Moon, the current of air and water con- 
tinues to run westward by its own momentum ; but in about three 
hours, the friction over the rough bottom of the sea, and the centrif- 
ugal force from the Moon, stop its westward motion and make it 
move eastward again. There is no rise of the tide at this change of 
the direction of the current of the air and water, because the ele- 
ments were stopped by their friction on each other, together with the 
cessation of the Moon's attraction ; whereas, before, the current was 
arrested suddenly and turned back while it was under the most favor- 
able exposure to the Moon's strongest influences. 

For the next three hours or 45 degrees of rotation, until the place 
comes to the meridian opposite the Moon, the current of air and 
water is accelerated in its motion eastward, by the centrifugal force 
of the mutual revolution of the Earth and Moon around their centre 
of gravity. But after the place has passed the opposite meridian, 
the eastward current is again more and more powerfully arrested by 
the same centrifugal force, and ultimately turned back upon itself 
and heaped up ; and there makes a tide, in the same manner as was 
before done by the excess of attraction over the centrifugal force. 
From this time, the westward current gradually declines in rapidity, 
with the decrease of the centrifugal force, and by its own friction, 
and is at length soon stopped, after the Earth's rotation has brought 
the place nearer the Moon than the Earth's centre, so as to be sub- 
ject again to the influence of the Moon's attraction, with which I 
commenced describing the tides of any given place. 



TRADE WINDS. 

§ 22. Now because the highest swells of the tides are formed by 
the prevalence of the westerly currents ; and because the tides occur 
farther and farther west every tide by 400 miles or about 24 minutes 
of rotation, therefore there is left in the air and water a general ten- 
dency or motion towards the west from the east, which accounts for 
the trade winds and the great currents of the ocean running from 
east to west around the Earth's equatorial regions. In open seas, as 
the Pacific ocean, the tides usually rise only about one foot ; but in 
narrow bays and the mouths of rivers, they sometimes rise 20 or 30 
feet. 



21 



SPRING AND NEAP TIDES. 

§ 23. In the same manner that the Moon operates, the Sun pro- 
duces two tides in the air and water every rotation of the Earth ; one 
about three o'clock in the morning civil time, and the other at three 
o'clock in the evening of every day. Now when both the Sun and 
the Moon conspire to make their tides at the same time and place, 
then their joint tide is once and a half or twice as high as when they 
produce their effects five or six hours apart. This joint high tide 
occurs at the new and full light of every lunation, and is called the 
spring tide. "When the lowest tide occurs at the quadrature of the 
Sun and Moon, it is the neap tide. "While the tide is rising at any 
place, they say it is flowing ; and when it is highest for that tide, 
that it is flood tide or high tide ; but while the tide is falling, they 
say it is ebbing ; and the lowest state of the water is the ebb tide. 
When the Sun and Moon are nearest the Earth, then the spring 
tides are highest ; and the neap tides the lowest, when they are 
farthest off. If to either or both the solar and lunar tides, there 
be added the tides produced by either or several of the planets, then 
there will occur an extraordinarily high tide of water, and an im- 
mense rush and agitation of air. 



WINDS AND STORMS. 

§ 24. When the Moon acts alone, the continual east or trade 
winds are usually confined to the tropical regions. But when several 
other large and near celestial globes act together in conjunction with 
the Sun and Moon to form tides, then an immensely great quantity 
of air is heaped up, and the supply of air is drawn in impetuously 
from the temperate Zones, thereby producing the long and violent 
cold north-east winds of the northern hemisphere, and the cold 
south-east winds of the southern hemisphere. When the globes 
have revolved out of conjunction, this great accumulation of aerial 
tide subsides, and it gradually runs off again towards the polar re- 
gions, thereby producing the warm southwesterly winds of the 
northern hemisphere, and the northwesterly winds of the southern 
hemisphere. Hence we perceive how our long violent cold north-east 
storms result from the compound tides of many celestial spheres ; 
and how the warm southwesterly winds, that almost always immedi- 
ately follow them for a day or two, result from the abandoned heap 
of air rushing towards its equilibrium again. Now while these 
winds are sweeping over immense regions of the Earth, if they find 
local causes of rain, they aggravate them into action over a vast 
area ; and hence these winds are almost always accompanied by rain, 
violent gales, and even sometimes by hurricanes. 

§ 25. To give an adequate idea of the importance of this general 
description of the rise and progress of storms and rains, and to in- 
spire practical confidence that every such conjunction of several 
celestial globes with the Moon did, and will always produce a violent 
storm of wind and rain within one or two days, which will last at 
least one or two whole days, I have inserted on page four, an astro- 
nomical ephemeris of those days on which the storms of 1847 and 
1848 did occur. When you place the globules on the diagram for 



22 

every one of those days, and find that the storms occurred when four, 
or five, or more celestial globes conspired with the Moon to make 
great tides for a few days, doubtless, you will have much curiosity to 
examine the prognostications of violent winds and storms, at the 
bottom of the ephemeris of 1849. Because such conjunctions have 
always been immediately followed by the greatest storms, I have thus 
indicated when all such conjunctions will occur again in 1849, be- 
cause there is reason to believe that they will still always be immedi- 
ately followed by storms, of the day of whose coming we desire to 
foreknow. Mere local causes may palliate, or put off the storm for 
one or two days after the conjunction, or may continue it a day longer 
than usual ; or may even bring it on with the tide next preceding 
the approaching conjunction ; but still the severest storms of every 
season will occur at or immediately after the designated conjunctions. 
Mere local causes may produce violent squalls and whirlwinds, but 
they will last only a very few hours, if they do not occur on one of 
the days indicated in the ephemeris. But if they do occur on one of 
these days, then there will be a squall or hurricane added to the vio- 
lence and danger of a storm. Of the violence of the coming storm, 
you can form a tolerably correct general idea, by considering the 
nearness, the size, and the number of the celestial globes, by whose 
agitations of the air it is about to be produced. 



EQUINOCTIAL STORMS. 

§ 26. From time immemorial, it has been observed that there 
always are very severe storms, while the Earth is revolving through 
its equinoxes, which are commonly called the equinoctial storms. 
These great and violent agitations of the Earth's air and water result 
from the obliquity of the Earth's axis to the perpendicular to its 
radius vector. From March until June, in the northern hemisphere, 
the Sun draws the tides of air farther and farther north every rota- 
tion, and thus accumulates a vast annual tide of air on the northern 
hemisphere ; and then from June until September, it still continues 
to draw it northward, although less and less so. But on the twenty- 
third of September, the Sun begins to draw the aerial tides south- 
ward of the equator, and then we have the equinoctial storms, while 
the Sun is drawing the long accumulated tides of the northern hemis- 
phere over the equator to make a similar accumulation on the south- 
ern hemisphere, during the southern summer. On the twenty-first 
of March, this same cause, having made a similar aerial tide around 
the South pole, now brings the excess of air Northward again, and 
then the violent rush of air is another storm of several days continu- 
ance. In a perfectly analogous manner, the Moon makes a polar tide 
on each hemisphere every revolution round the Earth. Now when 
the Moon is attracting the atmosphere from one circumpolar hemis- 
phere to the other, it is accomplished by a great rush of air, or a 
violent wind. There being two such occasions every revolution of the 
Moon, therefore it will occasion such a wind every 13 2-3 days, or 
about every other occurrence of the day of the week on which it 
occurs. This is why we so often have all the winds and storms of a 
season on a certain day of the week. If, in the meantime, the storms 
that occur from the conjunction of the heavenly bodies fall on the 
intermediate days, then every time that day of the week occurs, 



23 

there will be the most or the only stormy days of the season. About 
the middle of April, 1848, the plane of the Moon's orbit intersected 
the plane of the equator in a line parallel to where it is crossed by 
the plane of the Earth's orbit, and during 1849 and 1850, it will not 
cross the equator more than five degrees from the line of the equi- 
noxes. Hence, this kind of storms will occur for the year 1849 and 
1850, immediately after the Moon passes Longitude 1° and also 180° ; 
and the days of the month, on which the Moon passes these points 
of longitude are mentioned at the bottom of the ephemeris. When 
the lunar rush of air from pole to pole comes a few days before and 
after the time of the solar agitation, then the greatest violence of the 
equinoctial storm is a few days before and a few days after the equi- 
nox. But when the lunar and solar currents of air from the poles 
come on the same days, then the climax of the equinoctial storm 
comes on very near the equinoxes. Moreover, when these lunar or 
solar currents of air come at the same time that there is a great rush 
of air from the combined action of several planets in the same plane 
of longitude, then the storm will be still more violent and lasting. 
Indeed, all these causes are continually combined so as to increase or 
diminish the effects of either one. Again, these various causes of 
tides and storms are modified by the distance of the planets and the 
Moon, and by the angle, as to latitude, at which they severally 
operate. But all these combinations can be exhibited much more 
conspicuously on the diagram than I can represent them by words. 
But while the attraction of the Sun, and also the attraction of the 
Moon are each raising a circumpolar tide on one polar hemisphere, 
the centrifugal force on account of each of them is at the same time 
producing another tide at the other pole. Hence, according to this 
view of the influences of the Moon, its greatest utility to animal life 
is to agitate and commingle the different strata and regions of the 
air and water of the Earth, so as to diffuse, or precipitate in rain, all 
noxious properties that the local causes of any place may produce 
in the oceans and the atmosphere. 



COMETS. 

§ 27. Comets revolve round the Sun in every direction, without 
any regard to the Zodiac in which the planets revolve. They do not 
appear to be solid bodies, held in a certain form by the attraction of 
cohesion; but rather as immense clouds of gas. rotating and revolv- 
ing round the Sun in very eccentric elliptical orbits. The matter of 
each comet seems to be held together by the mutual attraction of 
its elements, and the 'lenticular forms are produced by their 
rotations. When a comet is very far from the Sun, only its centre or 
most dense part is visible in the diffused sunlight of a distant region. 
But as it approaches the Sun and is illuminated by stronger and 
stronger solar light, then more and more rare regions of the cloud 
become visible, and thus a comet seems to be immensely larger, the 
nearer it is to the Sun. The color of comets seems to be modified by 
the kind of gas of which they are composed. Sometimes they seem 
composed of various kinds, "arranged in layers of different colors, 
with some portions perfectly transparent so" as to show the smallest 
stars beyond them. More than 500 comets are known, but the time, 
direction, and form of revolution round the Sun of only a very few 
are known. 



24 



METEOROLOGY. 



§ 28. According to the foregoing theory of the tides, the state of the 
atmosphere, and the conditions of the weather are about as much 
controlled by the attraction of the Moon as by the heat of the Sun. 
The aerial tides are indicated by the barometer, and they occur when 
the general theory indicates they should, rather than when the locally 
modified ocean tides of the particular place occur. In the high lati- 
tudes, the height or weight of the atmosphere is greatest during the 
months of June and December, when the Earth's axis is most inclined 
from its radius vector ; because the Sun is producing its tides at the 
greatest distance from the Earth's equator. Analogous tides around 
high latitudes are also produced twice every sidereal revolution of the 
Moon ; and hence we have a lunar equinoctial wind once every 13 2-3 
days. Through January, 1849, the lunar circumpolar aerial tides 
occur at the time of neap tides, and therefore cause less violent winds 
than in the following March and April, when they occur at about the 
same time with the Spring tides. Because these winds are caused by 
the Moon's moving the protuberance of atmosphere rapidly towards 
the equator, therefore it may sometimes occur one or two days before 
the lunar equinox; but usually it attains the greatest velocity on the 
day of the Moon's crossing the equator. If several planets are in 
the same plane, so as to raise their greatest tides on the Earth, still 
there will not be a great wind until the Moon adds its influence to that 
of the others. 

From the same kinds of influences that make the greatest height 
of the tides occur about three hours after the Moon has passed the 
meridian, the greatest height of the lunar circumpolar aerial tides are 
highest about three days after the Moon has revolved through its 
greatest latitude, and begun to return tOAvards the equator. While 
the aerial tides are rising, the vapors are also rising, and then we will 
have clear and calm weather, unless local causes prevent ; but while 
they are falling, the moisture of the air is precipitated, and we have 
the equinoctial rains. By these immense transmigrations of vast por- 
tions of the air, the cold dry atmosphere over one country is conducted 
to distant regions of the Earth, and exchanged for their warm moist 
air ; or else the contrary may occur, and the warm dry air of one place 
may be exchanged for the cold damp air of another. By these means, 
we often have a few days of very warm weather in December, from 
south winds floating to make a circumpolar tide ; and at other times, 
very cold weather in June, from cold winds rushing from the north 
to regain their pneumatic equilibrium, about the time the Moon is 
crossing the equator. From the same causes, we often have the nights 
warmer than the previous days, because the Moon, in its revolutions, 
has brought us the warm tropical air ; or, on the contrary, we have 
the days cooler than the previous nights, because the cold northern 
aerial tides are returning to their equilibrium. Therefore, although 
the Sun is the grand fountain of the Earth's genial warmth, yet the 
Moon modifies and diffuses it to the Earth's polar regions, and thereby 
renders it temperate and habitable, while it cools and tempers the 
excessive heat of the torrid region. 



EPHEMERIS FOR JANUARY, 1849. 



25 



o 

& 

Q 

Mo. 
Tu. 
W. 
Th. 
Fr. 
Sa. 

s 

Mo. 
Tu. 
W. 
Th. 
Fr. 
Sa. 

s 

Mo, 
Tu. 
W. 
Th. 
Fr. 
Sa. 

s 

Mo. 
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s 

Mo. 
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267 


20 


101 


1 


242 


23 


89 


233 


241 


135 


355 


21 


2 


270 


22 


102 


14 D 


242 


. 


, 




, 


135 


356 


21 


3 


273 


23 


103 


28 


243 




. 






135 


356 


21 


4 


276 


25 


104 


43 


243 










135 


356 


21 


5 


279 


26 


105 


57 


244 


24 


91 


234 


242 


135 


356 


21 


6 


282 


28 


106 


72P. 


244 




. 




. 


135 


356 


21 


7 


285 


30 


107 


87 


245 






, 




135 


356 


21 


8 


287 


31 


108 


102O 


245 










135 


356 


21 


9 


291 


33 


109 


117 


246 


25 


92 


235 


242 


135 


356 


21 


10 


294 


34 


110 


131 


246 






. 




135 


356 


21 


11 


297 


36 


111 


145 


247 




, 






136 


356 


21 


12 


300 


38 


112 


158^ 


248 


. 








136 


356 


21 


13 


303 


39 


113 


172 


248 


26 


9*4 


235 


243 


136 


356 


21 


14 


306 


41 


114 


184 


249 


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136 


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21 


15 


310 


42 


115 


197 


259 








. 


136 


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1(3 


313 


44 


116 


209 « 


250 










136 


356 


21 


17 


317 


46 


117 


221 


250 


27 


9*5 


236 


244 


136 


356 


21 


18 


320 


47 


118 


232A. 


251 










136 


356 


21 


19 


324 


49 


119 


244 


251 




. 






136 


356 


21 


20 


328 


50 


120 


256 


252 










136 


356 


21 


21 


332 


52 


121 


268 ' 


252 


28 


96 


237 


245 


136 


356 


21 


22 


336 


54 


122 


280 


253 










136 


356 


21 


23 


340 


55 


123 


293 


254 










136 


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344 


57 


124 


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254 








. 


137 


356 


21 


25 


349 


59 


125 


318 


255 


29 


98 


238 


246 


137 


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21 


26 


353 


60 


126 


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137 


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358 


256 




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137 


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21 


29 


8 


65 


130 


11 


257 


30 


99 


239 


247 


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30 


13 


67 


131 


25 


257 




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137 


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18 


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331 
331 
331 
331 
331 
331 
331 
331 
331 
331 
331 
331 
331 
331 
331 
331 
331 
331 
331 
33i 
331 
331 
331 
31 
331 
331 
331 
331 
331 
331 
331 



APPEARANCE OF THE HEAVENS. 

January 1, Earth in Perihelion; D comes N. of the equator; B'sQ 165J°, 
and the axis of its orbit inclines towards 75£° ; ^ is S. 2h. 49m. after midnight, 
and is morning star in Cancer ; $ in Scorpio, rises a little before the Sun : but 
9 in Capricorn, and T^ in Aquarius, are evening stars. In the morning Gem- 
ini, Canis Major and Canis Minor are setting; but Regulus, T|, Spica, and the 
Great Bear are near the meridian ; while Scorpio and tf are rising. But in the 
evening. Sagittarius sets soon after the Sun; Fj and Pisces are near the meri- 
dian; and Aldebaran, Pleiades, Orion and the Dog Star are rising. 2, D 
First Quarter. 8, O Full, and § in sup. c5 0. 10, % £ O- 14, O 
goes S. of equator. 16, d Third Quarter. 19, Reappearance of T^'s ring. 
The axis of \i 's rising inclines up and to the right ; but Yi is now so far S. that 
it will show only the N. side for several years, until its plane again crosses the 
Earth's orbit. 21, tf <$ q. 24, © New. 25, Many planets in <$. 27, $ <-$ 
#• 23, 12 (5 © and $ . 29 3 1$ tf ©. 31, D First Quarter, and comes N. 
of the equator. 



26 EPHEMERIS FOR FEBRUARY; 1849. 


O 


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O 

a 


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n 

24 


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1 


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s 


Th. 


1 


70 


133 


53 


259 


m 








137 


357 


22 


331-9 


Fr. 


2 


29 


71 


134 


67 


259 


31 


101 


240 


247 


137 


357 


22 


331-9 


Sa. 


3 


35 


73 


135 


82P. 


260 


. 






. 


137 


357 


22 


331-9 


s 


4 


41 


75 


136 


96 


260 


. 








137 


357 


22 


331-9 


Mo. 


5 


4.7 


76 


137 


111 


261 


. 








137 


357 


22 


331-9 


Tu. 


6 


53 


78 


138 


125 


261 


32 


102 


240 


248 


138 


357 


22 


331-9 


W. 


7 


59 


79 


139 


1390 


262 


, 








138 


357 


22 


331-9 


Th. 


8 


66 


81 


140 


153 


262 


, 








138 


357 


22 


331-9 


Fr. 


9 


72 


83 


141 


166 Q 


263 










138 


357 


22 


331-9 


Sa. 


10 


78 


84 


142 


179 


264 


33 


104 


241 


249 


138 


357 


22 


331-9 


s 


11 


85 


86 


143 


192 


264 










138 


357 


22 


331-9 


Mo. 


12 


91 


88 


144 


204 


265 










138 


357 


22 


331-9 


Tu. 


13 


97 


89 


145 


216 


265 










138 


357 


22 


331-9 


W. 


14 


103 


91 


146 


228CT 


266 


34 


105 


242 


250 


138 


357 


22 


331-9 


Th. 


15 


109 


92 


147 


240A. 


266 


. 








138 


357 


22 


332-0 


Fr. 


16 


115 


94 


148 


252 


267 


. 








138 


357 


22 


332-0 


Sa. 


17 


121 


96 


149 


264 


268 








. 


138 


357 


22 


3320 


s 


18 


127 


97 


150 


276 


268 


35 


106 


243 


251 


139 


357 


22 


332-0 


Mo. 


19 


132 


99 


151 


289 


269 


. 








139 


357 


22 


3320 


Tu. 


20 


138 


100 


152 


301 


269 


, 








139 


357 


22 


3320 


W. 


21 


143 


102 


153 


314 


270 


. 








139 


357 


22 


332-0 


Th. 


22 


148 


104 


154 


327# 


270 


36 


108 


244 


252 


139 


367 


22 


332-0 


Fr. 


23 


153 


105 


155 


340 13 


271 


. 








139 


357 


22 


332-0 


Sa. 


24 


157 


107 


156 


354 


272 


. 






. 


139 


357 


22 


3320 


s 


25 


162 


109 


157 


8 


272 










139 


357 


22 


332-0 


Mo. 


26 


166 


110 


158 


22 


273 


37 


109 


245 


252 


139 


357 


22 


3320 


Tu. 


27 


171 


112 


159 


36 


273 


, 




. 




139 


357 


22 


332-0 


W. 


28 


175 


113 


160 


50P. 


274 


. 








139 


357 


22 


332-0 


APPEARANCE OF THE HEAVENS. 


February 1, J'aQ 163$°. 6, If § 0, and % changes from morning to 


evening star. 7, O Full, and 7 planets in (5- S, Mercury visible in the even- 


ing. lO, O goes south of the equator. 14, <[ Third Quarter. 22, © New, 


and six planets in (5- To-day, when the Moon is within ten degrees of its y, 


it comes into (3 with the Sun, and hence is directly between the northern hem- 


ispheres of the Sun and Earth. The Moon's southern surface is here about 


2000 miles north of the straight line between the centres of the Sun and Earth. 


Therefore it can only eclipse the northern hemisphere of the Earth. It will be 


invisible to us, because it will occur about our midnight ; yet it may be seen at 


their noon in the eastern part of Asia, North Pacific Ocean, and in Russian 


America. This eclipse of the Sun will be central and annular at long. 94° east 


of Greenwich and lat. 24° north. 24, How long before midnight is % in the 


meridian? 26, 9 (3 O- On the first, the Moon is in conjunction with Al- 


cyone, the brightest of the 7*s, which is supposed to be the centre around 


which our Sun revolves and carries its whole planetary system. Hence the 


Earth has four distinct motions; viz., around its axis, around the Moon. 


around the Sun, and around the Sun's stellar orbit. 









EPHEMERIS 


FOR 


MARCH, 1849 






27 


o 
>-. 

Q 


6 

g 



>-. 

r. 

n 


>> 

O 


o 




° 6 
in "C -c 

PI 




>_ 


6 

c 
3 


'A 
a? 

73 
PM 


c/3 

o 


'Eh 

3 


d 

£5 


|3 


a5 

a 

S3 


Th. 


i 


179 


115 


161 


64]) 


274 










139 


357 


22 


332-1 


Fr. 


2 


183 


117 


162 


78 


275 


38 


lio 


245 


253 


139 


357 


22 


332-1 


Sa. 


3 


187 


118 


163 


93 


276 










140 


358 22 


332-1 


s 


■i 


190 


120 


164 


107 


276 










140 


358|22 


332-1 


Mo. 


5 


194 


122 


165 


121 


277 










140 


358122 


332-1 


Tu. 


6 


197 


123 


166 


134 


277 


39 


112 


246'25 


140 


358 22 


332-1 


W. 


7 


201 


125 


167 


148 


278 


. 








140 


358122 


332-1 


Th. 


8 


204 


126 


168 


16lO 


279 


, 


, 






140 


35822 


332- 1 


Fr. 


g 


207 


128 


169 


174 


279 




. 






140 


35822 


332-1 


Sa. 


10 


210 


130 


170 


187 


280 


40 


113 


247 


255 


140 


358*22 


332-1 


s 


n 


214 


131 


171 


200 


280 


, 


, 






140 


358:22 


332-1 


Mo. 


12 


217 


133 


172 


212 


281 










140 


358J22 


332-1 


Tu. 


13 


220 


135 


173 


224 


282 


. 








140 


35822 


332-1 


W. 


L4 


223 


136 


174 


236 


282 


40 


114 


248 


256 


140 


358;22 


332-1 


Th. 


15 


226 


138 


175 


248A 


283 




. 


, 




140 


358 22 


332-2 


Fr. 


16 


229 


139 


176 


260 C 


283 




. 




. 


141 


358 


22 


332-2 


Sa. 


17 


231 


141 


177 


272 


284 




. 






141 


358 


22 


382-2 


s 


IS 


234 


143 


178 


2S4 


285 


41 


116 


249 


256 


141 


358 


22 


332-2 


Mo. 


19 


237 


144 


179 


296 


285 


. 


, 






141 


358 


22 


332-2 


Tu. 


20 


240 


146 


ISO 


309 


286 










141 


358 22 


332-2 


W. 


21 


243 


148 


181 


322 


286 


. 


. 






141 


358 22 


332-2 


Th. 


22 


245 


149 


182 


335^3 


287 


42 


117 


249 


257 


141 


358 


22 


332-2 


Fr. 


23 


248 


151 


183 


349 


288 




, 




, 


141 


35S 


22 


332-2 


Sa. 


21 


251 


152 


184 


3© 


288 


. 






. 


141 


358 


22 


332-2 


S 


25 


254 


154 


185 


17 


289 






. 




141 


358 


22 


332-2 


Mo. 


26 


256 


156 


186 


31 


289 


43 


lis 


250 


258 


141 


35S 


22 


332-2 


Tu. 


27 


259 


157 


187 


46P. 


290 






, 


. 


141 


358 


22 


332-2 


W. 


28 


262 


159 


188 


61 


291 


. 




. 




141 


35S 


22 


332-2 


Th. 


29 


265 


161 


189 


75 


291 




, 


. 


, 


142 


358 


22 


332-2 


Fr. 


30 


267 


162 


190 


89 


292 


44 


119 


251 


259 


142 


358 


22 


332-2 


Sa. 


31 


270 


164 


191 


103 d 


292 




• 






142 


358j22 


332-2 



APPEARANCE OF THE HEAVENS. 

March 1, D First Quarter, long. D'sQ 163P, and 9 greatest elongation E. 
46j. In the morning, Virgo is setting and Aquarius is rising, while rf is high 
in the E. But in the evening. Pisces is setting, Gemini and Canis Minor are 
near the meridian, while Leo and % are rising. 6, Many planets in the same 
plane of long. 8. Q Full. From 6 until 9 o'clock this morning, the O is in 
the same plane of heliocentric long, between the Sun and Earth, and a little 
past its Q. Then about three fourths of the 0' s disk passes through the 
Earth's shadow, and appears eclipsed to all parts of the United States. Be- 
cause it occurs after the moon has come N. of the plane of the Earth's orbit, 
the earth's shadow passes across the S. part of its disk. 10, O goes S. of equa- 
tor, and 9 is in Perihelion. 16, ([ Third Quarter. 20, The Earth passes 
through the left equinox. 21, Many planets in the same plane of long. 24, 
@ New. and © comes N. of equator. 31, 9 First Quarter. How long before 
midnight is Eegulus in the meridian ? How long after midnight is Spica in the 
meridian ? 



28 EPHEMERIS FOR APRIL, 1849. 


o 

P 


6 

3 

o 
>-, 

ci 
P 


o 




o3 


CO C 73 

§1.3 

R 1) O 


'A 


> 


o 

l-a 


73 


73 
<U 
S-i 
CD 
O 


'Oh 


d 

00 


73 

Pi 

ci 

6 


6 


s 


1 


273 


165 


192 


117 


293 










142 


358 


22 


332-3 


Mo. 


2 


276 


167 


193 


131 


294 










142 


359 


22 


332-3 


Tu. 


3 


279 


169 


194 


144 


294 


45 


121 


252 


260 


142 


359 


22 


332-3 


W. 


4 


282 


170 


195 


157 y 


295 


, 




, 


. 


142 


359 


22 


332-3 


Th. 


5 


285 


172 


196 


170 . 


295 










142 


359 


22 


332-3 


Fr. 


6 


288 


174 


197 


183 


296 










142 


359 


22 


332-3 


Sa. 


7 


291 


175 


198 


I960 


297 


46 


122 


252 


260 


142 


359 


22 


332-3 


s 


8 


294 


177 


199 


208 


297 










142 


359 


22 


332-3 


Mo. 


9 


297 


178 


200 


220 


298 


, 








142 


359 


22 


332-3 


fu. 


10 


300 


180 


200 


232 


298 


. 








142 


359 


22 


332-3 


W. 


11 


303 


182 


201 


244 


299 


47 


123 


253 


261 


143 


359 


22 


332-3 


Th. 


12 


307 


183 


202 


256A. 


300 










143 


359 


22 


332-3 


Fr. 


13 


310 


185 


203 


268 


300 






. 


. 


143 


359 


22 


332-3 


Sa. 


14 


313 


186 


204 


280 


301 










143 


359 


22 


332-3 


S 


15 


317 


188 


205 


292 <r 


302 


4*8 


124 


254 


262 


143 


359 


22 


332-4 


Mo. 


16 


321 


190 


206 


302 


302 


. 








143 


359 


22 


332-4 


Tu. 


17 


324 


191 


207 


316 


303 


. 




, 




143 


359 


22 


332-4 


W. 


18 


328 


193 


208 


33015 


303 










143 


359 


22 


332-4 


Th. 


19 


332 


195 


209 


343 


304 


49 


125 


255 


263 


143 


359 


22 


332-4 


Fr. 


20 


336 


196 


210 


357 


305 






, 




143 


359 


22 


332-4 


Sa. 


21 


340 


198 


211 


11 


305 


, 




. 


. 


143 


359 


22 


332-4 


S 


22 


345 


199 


212 


25© 


306 






. 


. 


143 


359 


22 


332-4 


Mo. 


23 


349 


201 


213 


40 


307 


50 


126 


256 


264 


144 


359 


22 


332-4 


Tu. 


21 


354 


203 


214 


55V. 


307 


. 








144 


359 


22 


332-4 


W. 


25 


358 


204 


215 


70 


308 


. 








144 


359 


22 


332-4 


Th. 


20 


3 


206 


216 


85 


308 


. 








144 


359 


22 


332-4 


Fr. 


27 


8 


207 


217 


100 


309 


51 


128 


256 


264 


144 


359 


22 


332-4 


Sa. 


28 


13 


209 


218 


114 


310 








, 


144 


359 


22 


332-4 


s 


29 


19 


211 


219 


128 5 


310 


, 








144 


359 


22 


332-4 


Mo. 


30 


24 


212 


220 


141 


311 


. 






. 


144 


359 


22 


332-4 


APPEARANCE OF THE HEAVENS. 


April 1, Long. D's Q 160f°. At the commencement of this month, § and 


(f are morning stars, and 1\. and $ evening stars, while Ti is too near the sun 


to be seen. In the morning $ and $ in "Capricomus rise a little before the 


sun, while Scorpio is near the meridian, and Virgo is setting. In the evening, 


Aries is setting, Virgo and Arcturus are rising, but Gemini is near the meri- 


dian. At midnight, Gemini is setting, Virgo is near the meridian, and Scorpio 


is rising. 2, 1| (5 d . 3, Many globes in the same plane of long. 4, $ visi- 


ble a few mornings. 6, f> goes south of equator. 7, O Full, and 9 at greatest 


brilliancy. 8, 1| appears stationary, and $ c5 h- 15, ([ Third Quarter. 20, 


<J comes north of equator, $ appears stationary, and ^ (5 (I • 22. © New. 


29, J) First Quarter. How many degrees does Jupiter seem geocentrically to 


have retrograded or gone back among the stars since the commencement of this 


year? Ans. 10°. In what geocentric longitude will Jupiter be at the end of 


this year? Ans. 174°, or very near Virgo. 









EPHE3IERIS FOR 


MAY, 


1S49. 






29 


1 


— 
i 


o 

HI 

30 


■A 

c 
> 
214 


S-i 

221 


3. S3 

1 i § 

154,1 


312 


52 


d 

C 

129 


X 

n 

257 


w 

o 

S-i 

O 
265 


o 

'Br 
144 


3 
S2 

360 


= 
— 


6 
a 

ST 1 


TIT 


332-5 


w. 


2 


35 


215 


222 


167 


312 






. 




144 


360 


22 


332-5 


Th. 


3 


41 


217 


223 


180 


313 






, 




144 


360 


22 


332-5 


Fr. 


4 


47 


219 


224 


192 


313 




. 


• 




144 


360 


23 


332-5 


Sa. 


5 


53 


220 


225 


205 


314 


53 


130 


258 


266 


144 


360 


23 


332-5 


s 


6 


60 


222 


226 


217 


315 










145 


360 


23 


332-5 


Mo. 


7 


66 


223 


227 


229 O 


315 


. 




. 


. 


145 


360 


23 


332-5 


Tu. 


5 


72 


225 


22S 


241 


316 




. 






145 


360 


23 


332-5 


W. 


9 


78 


227 


229 


253A. 


317 


53 


131 


259 


267 


145 


360 


23 


332-5 


Th. 


10 


85 


22^ 


230 


265 


317 


, 








145 


360 


23 


332-5 


Fr. 


n 


91 


230 


231 


277 


318 




. 


. 


. 


145 


360 


23 


332-5 


Sa. 


12 


97 


231 


232 


239 


318 










145 


360 


23 


332-5 


s 


13 


103 


233 


233 


301 


319 


54 


132 


259 


268 


145 


360 


23 


332-5 


'Mo. 


14 


109 


235 


234 


313 


320 










145 


36-0 


23 


332-5 


Tu. 


15 


115 


236 


234 


325C 


320 






. 




145 


360 


23 


332-6 


W. 


ie 


121 


23S 


235 


338 13 


321 


. 








145 


360 


23 


332-6 


Th. 


17 


127 


239 


236 


351 


322 


55 


133 


260 


268 


145 


360 


23 


332-6 


Fr. 


18 


132 


241 


237 


5 


322 


. 








145 


360 


23 


332-6 


Sa. 


19 


13S 


243 


238 


19 


323 




. 






146 


360 


23 


332-6 


s 


20 


143 


244 


239 


34 


324 










146 


360 


23 


332-6 


Mo. 


21 


145 


246 


240 


49 


324 


56 


134 


261 


269 


146 


360 


23 


332-6 


Tu. 


22 


153 


247 


241 


64© 


325 










146 


360 


23 


332-6 


W. 


23 


15S 


249 


242 


79 


325 








-, 


146 


360 


23 


332-6 


Th. 


24 


162 


251 


243 


94 


326 










146 


360 


23 


332-6 


Fr. 


25 


167 


252 


244 


109 


327 


57 


135 


262 


270 


146 


360 


23 


332-6 


Sa. 


26 


171 


254 


245 


124 


327 




. 




. 


146 


360 


23 


332-6 


s 


27 


175 


255 


246 


138 


328 


. 




. 




146 


360 


23 


332-6 


Mo. 


25 


179 


257 


247 


151Q 


329 










146 


360 


23 


332-6 


Tu. 


29 


1S3 


258 


24S 


164 


320 


58 


137 


262 


271 


146 


360 


23 


332-6 


W. 


30 


1ST- 


260 


249 


177 


330 










146 


360 


23 


332-6 


Th. 


; 


190 


262 


250 


190 


331 










146 


1 


23 


332-6 



APPEARANCE OF THE HEAVENS 

Mat 1. During this month. 8 and $ are geocentrically so near the same 
long, with the Sun, that they are scarcely risible ; Jupiter will be evening star. 
but Mais and Saturn morning stars. Jupiter seems in the constellation Can- 
cer. Mars and Saturn in Aquarius, with Venus and Mercury near the Sun in 
Aries. In the morning, Pisces is rising, Capricornus is S., and Libra is setting, j 
In the evening, Taurus is setting. Jupiter and Cancer are near the meridian, I 
with Virgo rising. But at midnight Libra is on the meridian, Cancer "W, and 
Capricornus E. 3. ) goes S. of equator. 6. Many globes in the same plane ! 
of long. 7, O FuU. 12, ? d Although Venus is in conjunction with the 
Sun to-day. there will not be a transit of Venus across the Sun's disk, because 
Venus is now so far from its descending node, that it is more than a million 
miles north or in front of the plane of the Earth's orbit. 15. C Third Quarter. 
13, (T comes N. of equator. 21. Many elobes in the same plane of Ions - . 22, 
© New. 27, $ in t3- 28, ]) First Quarter. 31. D goes S. of equator! 

3* 



30 



EPHEMERIS FOR JUNE, 1849. 



o 
>-> 

p_ 

Fr. 
Sa. 

S 

Mo. 
Tu. 
W. 
Th. 
Fr. 
Sa. 

S 

Mo. 
Tu. 
W. 
Th. 
Fr. 
Sa. 

S 

Mo. 
Tu. 
W. 
Th. 
Fr. 
Sa. 

S 

Mo. 
Tu. 
W. 
Th. 
Fr. 



6 

a 

o 

P 
1 


>> 

S-H 



o 

CD 

194 


d 
d 

> 

263 


H 
251 


3 o3 

£ a 3 

g o c 

f=i. (B o 


'A 
s-< 

331 


> 


o 
d 

d 
>-> 


Ph 


CD 
CD 

o 


CD 

'cL, 
d 
i-» 

.1.47 


d 

d 

GO 
1 


d 

i 

•— 

23 


202 


2 


197 


265 


252 


214 


332 


59 


138 


263 


272 


147 


1 


23 


3 


201 


266 


253 


226 


332 










147 


1 


23 


4 


204 


268 


254 


238 


333 










147 


1 


23 


5 


207 


270 


255 


250O 


334 


. 






. 


147 


1 


23 


6 


211 


271 


256 


262A. 


334 


60 


139 


264 


272 


147 


1 


23 


7 


214 


273 


257 


274 


335 










147 


1 


23 


3 


217 


274 


258 


286 


336 










147 


1 


23 


9 


220 


276 


258 


298 


336 










147 


1 


23 


10 


223 


277 


259 


310 


337 


61 


140 


265 


273 


147 


1 


23 


11 


226 


279 


260 


322 


338 










147 


1 


23 


12 


229 


281 


261 


334?^ 


338 










147 


1 


23 


13 


232 


282 


262 


347 ([ 


339 










147 


1 


23 


14 


234 


284 


263 


360 


339 


62 


141 


265 


274 


148 


1 


23 


15 
16 


237 


285 


264 


14 


340 










148 


1 


23 


240 


287 


265 


28- 


341 


. 








148 


1 


23 


17 


243 


289 


266 


42 


341 










148 


1 


23 


IS 


246 


290 


267 


57 


342 


63 


142 


266 


275 


148 


1 


23 


19 


248 


292 


268 


72P. 


343 






, 




148 


1 


23 


20 


251 


293 


269 


88©' 


343 


. 








148 


1 


23 


21 


254 


295 


270 


103 


344 






, 


, 


148 


1 


23 


22 


257 


296 


271 


118 


344 


64 


143 


267 


275 


148 


1 


23 


23 


259 


298 


272 


132 


345 










148 


1 


23 


21 


262 


300 


273 


147 


346 










148 


1 


23 


25 


265 


301 


274 


160ft 


346 










148 


1 


2 r ] 


26 


268 


303 


275 


173 


347 


64 


144 


268 


276 


148 


1 


23 


27 


270 


304 


276 


186 d 


348 






. 


, 


149 


1 


23 


28 


273 


306 


277 


199 


348 


. 




, 




149 


1 


23 


29 


276 


308 


278 


211 


349 








. 


149 


1 


23 


30 


279 


309 


278 


223 


350 


65 


145 


268 


277 


149 


2 


23 



332-7 
332-7 
332-7 
332-7 
332-7 

232-7 
332-7 
332-7 
332-7 
332-7 
332-7 
332-7 
332-7 
332-7 
332-8 
332-8 
332-8 
332-8 
332-8 
332-8 
332-8 
332-8 
3328 

532-8 
332-8 
332-8 
332-8 
332-8 
332-8 
332-8 



APPEARANCE OF THE HEAVENS. 

June 1, Long. D's Q 157£°. Many globes in the same plane of long. ? 
appears stationary in Aries, because for several days it seems in the same part 
of that constellation. $ $ and \\ are morning stars, but % and $ are even- 
ing stars. In the morning, Aries is rising, Aquarius is S., and Sagittarius is 
setting. In the evening, Gemini is setting, Leo S., and Scorpio is rising. But 
at midnight, Scorpio is S., Aquarius near the eastern horizon, and Virgo just 
going behind the western horizon. Mars appears geocentrically in Pisces, and 
Mercury in Gemini. On account of the long and bright twilight, Mercury 
will scarcely be visible this month. 4, Many globes in the same plane of long., 
and tf in Perihelion. 5, O Fu U- 13 > C Third Quarter. 14, d comes N. of 
equator; mean clock and solar time agree, and T^ c5 (1 . 15, c? d> C • 18, ? 
greatest brilliancy. How long after midnight will 9 be in the meridian? 20. 
© New. 21, greatest variation of the Earth's axis from the radius vector. 24 ; 
© fj, Regulus. 27, D First Quarter 3 and D goes S. of equator. 



EPHEMEEIS FOR JULY, 1849. 


31 


° 

P 

s 


6 

c 
>-, 

a 

P 

1 


282 


CO 

> 

311 


W 
279 


ft o o 
Oh3 


to 

350 


£ 

CD 
i> 


o 

S3 
>-> 


CO 


to 
<v 

CD 

o 


149 


d 
2 


CO 

% 

23 


CD 
Eg 

Oh 
CD 


235 


333-9 


Mo. 


2 


285 


312 


280 


247 


351 


. 








149 


2 


23 


333-9 


Tu. 


3 


288 


314 


281 


259A. 


351 










149 


2 


23 


333-9 


W. 


4 


291 


315 


282 


271 


352 


66 


146 


269 


278 


149 


2 


23 


333-9 


Th. 


a 


294 


317 


283 


2830 


353 










149 


2 


23 


333-9 


Fr. 


6 


297 


319 


284 


295 


353 










149 


2 


23 


333-9 


Sa. 


7 


300 


320 


285 


307 


354 










149 


2 


23 


333-9 


s 


8 


303 


322 


286 


319 


355 


67 


147 


270 


278 


149 


2 


23 


333-9 


Mo. 


9 


307 


323 


287 


3310 


355 






, 




150 


2 


23 


333-9 


Tu. 


L0 


310 


325 


288 


344 


356 


, 








150 


2 


23 


333-9 


W. 


11 


313 


327 


289 


357 


356 










150 


2 


23 


333-9 


Th. 


12 


317 


328 


290 


10 


357 


68 


148 


271 


279 


150 


2 


23 


333-9 


Fr. 


13 


321 
324 


330 


291 


23 (T 


358 










150 


2 


23 


333-9 


Sa. 


14 


331 


292 


37 


358 










150 


2 


23 


333-9 


s 


15 


328 


333 


293 


52 


359 










150 


2 


23 


333-9 


Mo. 


1(3 


332 


334 


294 


66 


360 


69 


149 


271 


280 


150 


2 


23 


333-9 


Tu. 


17 


336 


336 


295 


81 


360 










150 


2 


23 


333-9 


W. 


18 


340 


338 


296 


96P. 


1 










150 


2 


23 


333-9 


Th. 


19 


345 


339 


297 


Ill® 


1 










150 


2 


23 


333-9 


Fr. 


20 


349 


341 


298 


126 


2 


70 


150 


272 


281 


150 


2 


23 


3330 


Sa. 


21 


354 


342 


299 


141Q 


3 






. 




150 


2 


23 


333-0 


8 


22 


358 


344 


299 


155 


3 










151 


2 


23 


3330 


Mo. 


23 


3 


346 


300 


169 


4 










151 


2 


23 


333-0 


Tu. 


21 


8 


347 


301 


182 


5 


71 


150 


273 


282 


151 


2 


23 


3330 


\V. 


25 


13 


348 


302 


195 


5 










151 


2 


23 


333 


Th. 


26 


19 


350 


303 


207J) 


6 










151 


2 


23 


3330 


Fr. 


27 


24 


352 


304 


220 


6 










151 


2 


23 


333-0 


Sa. 


28 


30 


353 


305 


232 


7 


72 


151 


273 


282 


151 


2 


23 


333-0 


S 


29 


36 


355 


306 


244 


8 










151 


3 


23 


333-0 


Mo. 


30 


41 


357 


307 


255A. 


8 






. 




151 


3 


23 


333-0 


Tu. 


31 


47 


358 


308 


267 


9 










151 


3 


23 


3330 


APPEARANCE OF THE HEAVENS. 




Jfly 1, Earth in Aphelion. In the morning, Taurus is n 
horizon, Pisces near the meridian, and Capricornus near the w 
[n the evening, Jupiter and Cancer are near the western hor 
the meridian, and Scorpio near the western horizon. But at i 
tarius is near the meridian, with Aquarius and Saturn near 
Virgo near the western horizon. 5, O Full, and many plan* 
plane of long. 12, O comes N. of equator, and *2 c5 O- 
Quarter, and I|I <5 ([ • 14, tf £ d , 16, 2 & a Tauri and d 
20, Many planets in the same plane of lone., and lj appea 
Pisces. 21, 11 (5 ©, and @ <3 Regulus. 22. 2 greatest e 
23, 2 fartherest south four million miles. 24, © goes south 
J) First Quarter. 


ear the eastern 
'estern horizon, 
zon, Virgo near 
nidnighC Sagit- 
the eastern,, and 
:ts in the same 
13, d Third 
. 19. © New. 
rs stationary in 
^ongation west, 
of equator. 26, 



32 EPHEMERIS FOR AUGUST, 1849. 




£ 


6 
o 
P 


>> 






■»•-«? 


















a> 




«4H 

o 
:>> 

d 
P 


d 

o 

S-l 

<v 


<z5 
d 
d 
<v 
> 




TO s_ 73 

§§-a 

H DO 


t-, 


d 

<v 
> 


6 
*-> 


CO 


6 

0) 

O 


03 
i-s 


d 

d 

d 
02 


in 

d 

i 


d 
d 

Ph 




W. 


1 


54 


360 


309 


279 


9 


73 


152 


274 


283 


151 


3 


23 


333 




Th. 


2 


60 


1 


310 


291 


10 




. 


. 




151 


3 


23 


333-0 




Fr. 


3 


66 


3 


311 


303 O 


11 




. 




. 


151 


3 


23 


3330 




Sa. 


4 


72 


5 


312 


316 


11 










152 


3 


24 


3330 




s 


5 


79 


6 


313 


328 y 


12 


74 


153 


275 


284 


152 


3 


24 


333-0 




Mo. 


6 


85 


8 


314 


341 


13 






, 




152 


3 


24 


3330 




Tu. 


7 


91 


9 


315 


354 


13 


, 


, 






152 


3 


24 


333-0 




W. 


8 


97 


11 


316 


7 


14 










152 


3 


24 


333-0 




Th. 


9 


104 


13 


317 


20 


14 


74 


15*4 


275 


285 


152 


3 


24 


333-0 




Fr. 


10 


110 


14 


318 


34 


15 






. 




152 


3 


24 


333-0 




Sa. 


11 


116 


16 


319 


48 (I 


16 


# 


, 


. 




152 


3 


24 


3330 




s 


12 


121 


17 


320 


62 


16 










152 


3 


24 


3330 




Mo. 


13 


127 


19 


321 


76 


17 


75 


155 


276 


285 


152 


3 


24 


333-0 




Tu. 


14 


133 


21 


322 


91 


17 










152 


3 


24 


3330 




W. 


15 


138 


22 


322 


105P. 


18 


, 




. 




152 


3 


24 


333-0 




Th 


16 


143 


24 


323 


120 


19 










152 


3 


24 


333-0 




Fr. 


17 


148 


25 


324 


135 


19 


76 


156 


277 


286 


153 


3 


24 


333-0 




Sa. 


18 


153 


27 


325 


149®Q 


20 










153 


3 


24 


333-0 




s 


19 


158 


29 


326 


163 


20 




. 


. 




153 


3 


24 


333-0 




Mo. 


20 i 


162 


30 


327 


177 


21 










153 


3 


24 


3330 




Tu. 


2l[ 


167 


32 


328 


190 


22 


77 


157 


278 


287 


153 


3 


24 


333-0 




W. 


22 


171 


33 


329 


203 


22 










153 


3 


24 


333-0 




Th. 


23 


175 


35 


330 


215 


23 






. 




153 


3 


24 


3330 




Fr. 


24 ! 


179 


37 


331 


228 


23 










153 


3 


2! 


333-0 




Sa. 


25 [ 


183 


38 


332 


240 » 


24 


78 


158 


278 


288 


153 


3 


24 


333-0 




S 


26 


187 


40 


333 


252 


25 










153 


3 


24 


333-0 




Mo. 


27 


190 


41 


334 


264A. 


25 










153 


3 


24 


333-0 




Tu. 


23 


194 


43 


335 


276 


26 










153 


4 


24 


333-0 




W. 


29! 


198 


45 


336 


288 


26 


79 


159 


279 


288 


153 


4 


24 


333-0 




Th. 


30 1 


201 


46 


337 


300 


27 




, 






154 


4 


24 


333-0 




Fr. 


31 


204 


48 


338(312 


28 








. 


154 


4 


24 


333-0 




APPEARANCE 


OF THE HEAVENS. 




August 1, Long, of J) 's Q 154p. 


$ , $ , tf and Vi are morning stars ; but 1| 




sets soon after the Sun. How long fro 


"n midnight is each of them in the meridian? 




And in what constellation does eac 


h of them appear ? 3, O Full. 5, Many 




globes in the same plane of long. 


8, O comes N. of equator, and T^ c3 O- 
14, 9 c5 <T ■ 18, % 6 © ; • New, and 
ock, A. M., the Sun, Moon and Earth are 




11, d Third Quarter, and c? 6 <T • 




eclipses the sun. At about one o'cl 




'in the same plane of long., and th 


3 moon is then coming northward, and is 




within eight degrees of entering the 


plane of the Earth's orbit, to pass through 




its ascending node. The northern 


surface of the Moon is then about 1500 




miles south of the plane of the Ea 


rth's orbit. Because the moon is then be- 




tvveen the southern parts of the Sun 


and Earth, this eclipse of the Sun is cen- 




tral and total at the noon at 90° E. lo 


ng. from Greenwich, and 36° S.lat. 21, © 




goes S. of equator. 25, D First Quar 


i,er. 26, "1| d ©, but ten million miles north 




of the plane of the Earth's orbit. 31 


Mean clock and meridian solar time agree. 









EPHEMERIS FOR 


SEPTEMBER, 


1849. 




33 


o 

Q 


6 

o 
>-> 

PI 

1 


>> 

o 

0) 

207 


73 

d 

t> 

49 


,d 

s-i 

d 
H 
339 


O id - — 

S o a 
Ph as o 


CO 

2* 




o 

ps 


in 


S-, 

o 


Ph 

pi 
154 


d 

d 

4 


■A 

d 

■— 

24 


<6 


Sa. 


325 


333-1 


s 


2 


211 


51 


340 


3370Q 


29 


80 


159 


280 


289 


154 


4 


24 


333-1 


Mo. 


3 


214 


53 


341 


350 


29 


. 








154 


4 


241333-1 


Tu. 


4 


217 


54 


342 


4 


30 


. 






, 


154 


4 


24 


333-1 


W. 


5 


220 


56 


343 


17 


30 










154 


4 


24 


333-1 


Th. 


6 


223 


57 


344 


31 


31 


81 


160 


281 


290 


154 


4 


24 


333-1 


Fr. 


7 


226 


59 


345 


45 


32 










154 


4 


24 


3331 


Sa. 


8 


229 


61 


346 


59 


32 










154 


4 


24 


333-1 


S 


9 


232 


62 


347 


73 d 


33 










154 


4 


21 


3331 


Mo. 


LO 


234 


64 


348 


87 


33 


82 


161 


281 


291 


154 


4 


24 


333-1 


Tu. 


11 


237 


65 


349 


101P. 


34 










154 


4 


24J333-1 


W. 


12 


240 


67 


350 


116 


35 


, 






. 


155 


4 


24 


333-1 


Th. 


13 


243 


69 


351 


130 


35 










155 


4 


24 


333-1 


Fr. 


11 


246 


70 


352 


144Q 


36 


83 


162 


282 


291 


155 


4 


24 


333-1 


Sa. 


15 


248 


72 


352 


158 


36 






. 




155 


4 


24 


333-1 


S 


16 


251 


73 


353 


171© 


37 








, 


155 


4 


24 


333-1 


Mo. 


17 


254 


75 


354 


185 


37 










155 


4 


24 


333-1 


Tu. 


18 


257 


77 


355 


198 


38 


84 


163 


282 


292 


155 


4 


24 


333-1 


W. 


19 


259 


78 


256 


211 


39 


. 






, 


155 


4 


24 


333-1 


Th. 


20 


262 


80 


357 


223 


39 


, 




. 




155 


4 


24 


333-1 


Fr. 


21 


265 


82 


358 


236 


10 






. 


. 


155 


4 


24 


333-1 


Sa. 


22 


268 


83 


359 


248 


40 


84 


164 


283 


293 


155 


4 


24 


333-1 


S 


23 


270 


85 


360 


260 


41 










155 


4 


24 


333-1 


Mo. 


24 


273 


86 


1 


272A. j> 


41 






, 


, 


155 


4 


24 


333-1 


Tu. 


25 


276 


88 


2 


283 


12 










156 


4 


24 


333-1 


W. 


26 


279 


90 


3 


295 


43 


85 


164 


284 


294 


156 


4 


24 


333-1 


Th. 


27 


282 


91 


4 


308 


43 






. 




156 


5 


24 


333-1 


Fr. 


28 


285 


93 


5 


320 


44 










156 


5 


24 


333-1 


Sa. 


29 


288 


94 


6 


333 13 


44 


. 




, 




156 


5 


24 


333-1 


s 


30 


291 


96 


7 


346 


45 


86 


165 


284 


291 


156 


5 [24 


333-1 



APPEARANCE OF THE HEAVENS. 

September 1, Long. D's Q, 152§o. j n the morning, Cancer is rising, and 
Aquarius is setting, while 9 , tf and Aries are near the meridian. But in the 
evening, Virgo is setting, Aquarius rising, with Scorpio near the meridian. 
2 , $ , 1| and Yi are morning stars, but 1£ and $ are so near the Sun as to be 
invisible. In what constellation is <?? fy? $? $? How long before 
midnight will Fomalhaut be in the meridian? How long before the Sun 
will Regulus rise? 2, O Full. A few degrees after the moon has passed 
its descending node, it comes into the same plane of longitude with the 
Sun and Earth. Then six tenths of the northern part of its surface passes 
through the earth's shadow ; while the southern four tenths of its diameter 
continues to be luminous. 4, O comes north of equator. 9, <J Third Quar- 
ter. 16, 3 New, and many globes in the same plane of long. 17, © goes 
south of equator. 23, The Earth's axis is perpendicular to its radius vector, 
and the days and nights are of equal length throughout the earth. 24, 5 First 
Quarter. 25, $ visible for a few evenings. 



34 EPHEMERIS FOR OCTOBER, 1849. 




i* 


;§ 1 £ 






m -%4 


















<v 




O 
P 

Mo. 


o 

P 
1 


1 3 

! w 

8 '—> 

294 


w 

a 

> 

98 


8 


S O C 


1 


00 

> 


o 


w 

Pi 


O 


>-5 


d 
"5 

C/2 


oo 

Pi 

g 

p 


0) 




359 


45 










156 


5 


24 


333-2 




Tu. 


2 


297 


99 


9 


130 


46 


. 


, 


, 


. 


156 


5 


24 


333-2 




W. 


3 


300 


101 


10 


27 


47 




. 






156 


5 


24 


333-2 




Th. 


41303 


103 


11 


41 


47 


87 


166 


285 


295 


156 


5 


24 


333-2 




Fr. 


51307 


104 


12 


55 


48 






, 


. 


156 


5 


24 


333-2 




Sa. 


6 1310 


106 


13 


69P. 


48 


, 


, 


. 


. 


156 


5 


24 


333-2 




s 


71314 


107 


14 


84 


49 


. 








156 


5 


24 


333-2 




Mo. 


8i317 


109 


15 


98 d 


49 


88 


167 


286 


296 


157 


5 


24 


333-2 




Tu. 


91321 


111 


16 


112 


50 


. 


. 






157 


5 


24 


333-2 




W. 


101325 


112 


17 


126 


50 




, 






157 


5 


24 


333-2 




Th. 


111328 


114 


18 


140 


51 




. 






157 


5 


24 


333-2 




Fr. 


12 1 332 


116 


19 


154Q 


52 


89 


168 


286 


297 


157 


5 


24 


333-2 




Sa. 


13|336 


117 


20 


167 


52 




, 






157 


5 


24 


333-2 




s 


141341 


119 


21 


180 


53 










157 


5 


24 


333-2 




Mo. 


15 1 345 


120 


22 


193 


53 


. 








157 


5 


24 


333-2 




Tu. 


16 


349 


122 


23 


206© 


54 


90 


168 


287 


297 


157 


5 


24 


333-2 




W. 


17 


354 


124 


24 


219 


54 










157 


5 


24 


333-2 




Th. 


18 


359 


125 


25 


231 


55 


, 




, 


, 


157 


5 


24 


333-2 




Fr. 


19 


3 


127 


26 


244 


55 






. 




157 


5 


24 


333-2 




Sa. 


20 


8 


129 


27 


256 


56 


91 


169 


287 


298 


157 


5 


24 


333-2 




s 


21 


14 


130 


28 


268A. 


56 


. 






. 


158 


5 


24 


333-2 




Mo. 


22 


19 


132 


29 


279 


57 






. 


, 


158 


6 


24 


333-2 




Tu. 


23 


24 


133 


30 


291 


58 




. 






158 


5 


24 


333-2 




W. 


24 


30 


135 


31 


303 D 


58 


92 


170 


288 


299 


158 


5 


24 


333-2 




Th. 


25 


36 


137 


32 


315 


59 


. 




, 


, 


158 


5 


24 


333-2 




Fr. 


26 


42 


138 


33 


328 13 


59 


, 








158 


6 


24 


333-2 




Sa. 


27 1 48 


140 


34 


340 


60 










158 


6 


24 


333-2 




S 


28 J 54 


142 


35 


353 


60 


93 


171 


289 


300 


158 


6 


24 


333-2 




Mo. 


291 60 


143 


35 


7 


61 










158 


6 


24 


333-2 




Tu. 


30 1 66 


145 


37 


22 


61 


. 


. 


. 




158 


6 


24 


333-2 




W. 


31 J 73 


146 


38 


350 


62 


. 


. 


. 


* 


158 


6 


24 


333-2 




APPEARANCE OF THE HEAVENS. 




October 1, Jupiter rises about two hours before the Sun, while Saturn and 




the moon rise about sunset, and are on the meridian at midnight. %, $? and 




cf are morning stars, while $ and Yi are evening stars. Saturn seems retro- 




grading, because the earth revolves so much faster than it, that fy is left be- 




hind. To-day, the D comes N. of equator. 2, O Full. 8, Q Third Quarter. 
On the 9th, § is in Libra, but on the 23th instant it seems to have retrograded 






into Virgo, by revolving faster than the Earth and between the Earth and Sun. 




There will not be a transit of $ across the Sun's disk, on the 24th inst., be- 




cause $ is a million miles south of the plane of the Earth's orbit. 13, Many 




planets in <3. 14, ([ goes south of equator. 16, ® New, and many globes 




in (5- 31, O Full, Towards which line of long, does the north pole of each 




of the planets incline ? (See Table of Dimensions.) Their equinoxes are 90° 




from that line. Where are the equinoxes of $ 1 tf ? li 1 





EPHEMERIS FOR NOVEMBER, 1849. 35 


o 

X 


6 

g 
o 

ci 
P 




w 

PI 

> 




»%4 

o o sr 

Soc 
S «) e 


9 


> 


o 


| 

Is 


CO 

O 


*-> 


d 


■A 

a 


0J 


Th. 


1 


79 


148 


39 


50 


62 


94 


171 


289 


300 


158 


6 


24 


333-3 


Ft. 


2 


85 


150 


40 


65P. 


63 


, 




, 




158 


6 


24 


333-3 


Sa. 


3 


91 


151 


41 


80 


63 


. 








159 


6 


24 


333-3 


s 


4 


98 


153 


42 


94 


64 


. 








159 


6 


25 


333-3 


Mo. 


5 


104 


155 


43 


109 


64 


95 


172 


290 


301 


159 


6 


25 


333-3 


Tu. 


6 


110 


156 


44 


123 


65 






. 




159 


6 


25 


333-3 


W. 


7 


116 


158 


45 


137 a 


66 


. 








159 


6 


25 


3333 


Th. 


S 


122 


159 


46 


151 a 


66 










159 


6 


25 


333-3 


Fr. 


9 


127 


161 


47 


164 


67 


95 


173 


281 


302 


159 


6 


25 


333-3 


Sa. 


10 


133 


163 


48 


177 


67 










159 


6 


25 


333-3 


S 


11 


138 


164 


49 


190 


68 








. 


159 


6 


25 


333-3 


Mo. 


12 


143 


166 


50 


203 


68 










159 


6 . 


25 


333-3 


Tu. 


13 


148 


168 


51 


215 


69 


96 


174 


291 


303 


159 


6 


25 


333-3 


W. 


14 


153 


169 


52 


228® 


69 








. 


159 


6 


25 


333-3 


Th. 


15 


158 


171 


53 


240 


70 


. 








159 


6 


25 


333-4 


Fr. 


16 


162 


172 


54 


252 


70 










160 


6 


25 


333-4 


Sa. 


17 


167 


174 


55 


264 


71 


97 


174 


292 


203 


160 


6 


25 


333-4 


s 


18 


171 


176 


56 


276A. 


71 










160 


6 


25 


333-4 


Mo. 


19 


175 


177 


57 


288 


72 






, 


. 


160 


6 


25 


333-4 


Tu. 


20 


179 


179 


58 


300 


72 










160 


6 


25 


333-4 


W. 


21 


183 


181 


59 


311 


73 


98 


175 


292 


304 


160 


6 


25 


333-4 


Th. 


22 


187 


182 


60 


323 D 


73 










160 


6 


25 


333-4 


Fr. 


23 


191 


184 


61 


336 


74 


, 








160 


6 


25 


333-4 


Sa 


21 


194 


185 


62 


348 


74 










160 


7 


25 


333-4 


S 


25 


198 


187 


63 


1 


75 


99 


176 


293 


305 


160 


7 


25 


333-4 


Mo. 


26 


201 


189 


64 


15 


75 










160 


7 


25 


333-4 


Tu. 


27 


204 


190 


65 


29 


76 






. 




160 


7 


25 


333-4 


W. 


23 


208 


192 


66 


43 


76 








, 


160 


7 


25 


333-4 


Th. 


29 


211 


193 


67 


580 


77 


100 


177 


294 


306 


161 


7 


25 


333-4 


Fr. 


30 


214 


195 


68 


73P. 


77 






. 




161 


7 


25 


333-4 


APPEARANCE OF THE HEAVENS. 


November 1, $, $ , and % in the east, and $ in the west, are morning 


stars ; while \\ may be seen retrograding in the evening near the western hori- 


zon. Virgo rises a little before the Sun, while Aries is setting, and Cancer is 


near the meridian. In the evening, Scorpio sets soon after the Sun, while 
Capricornus is near the meridian, and the Moon and Aries are rising. At mid- 


night, Aries is near the meridian, with Cancer in the east and Capricornus in 


the west. 3, Mean clock time 16m. 17s. later than solar meridian time. 7, 


(I Third Quarter. 9, <$ retrogrades, from to-day, until after the end of this year, 


in the constellations Gemini and Taurus. 11, d goes south of equator. 14, A 


New. 22, D First Quarter. 25, D comes north of equator. 29, Q Full. 30, 


Many globes in the same plane of longitude. How long before the Sun will $ 


rise on the first of this month? On the last of the month? How many hours 


high will % be at midnight on the first and also on the last mornings of this 


month ? 



36 EPHEMERIS FOR DECEMBER, 1849. 


t 


6 

o 
d 

Q 


b 






o ai 


















CD 


6 
>-> 

d 
P 


o 


& 
> 


s 


111 

o o bo 
e o C 

H o O 


GO 


to 


o 

*-> 


Ph 


Sh 

O 


CD 

1^ 


d 


09 

Pi 

5 


CD 


Sa. 


1 


217 


197 


69 


99 


78 










161 


7 


25 


333-5 


s 


2 


220 


198 


70 


104 


78 






. 


. 


161 


7 


25 


333-5 


Mo. 


3 


223 


200 


71 


118 


79 


101 


177 


294 


306 


161 


7 


25 


333-5 


Tu. 


4 


226 


201 


72 


133 Q 


79 










161 


7 


25 


333-5 


W. 


5 


229 


203 


73 


147 


80 




, 


. 




161 


7 


25 


333-5 


Th. 


6 


232 


205 


74 


161 a 


80 






. 




161 


7 


25 


333-5 


Fr. 


7 


235 


206 


75 


174 


81 


102 


178 


295 


307 


161 


7 


25 


333-5 


Sa. 


8 


237 


208 


76 


187 


81 










161 


7 


25 


333-5 


S 


9 


240 


210 


77 


200 


82 










161 


7 


25 


333-5 


Mo. 


10 


243 


211 


78 


212 


82 










161 


7 


25 


333-5 


Tu. 


11 


246 


213 


79 


225 


83 


103 


179 


295 


308 


161 


7 


25 


333-5 


W. 


12 


248 


214 


80 


237 


83 










162 


7 


25 


333-5 


Th. 


13 


251 


216 


81 


249 


84 










162 


7 


25 


333-5 


Fr. 


14 


254 


218 


82 


261® 


84 










162 


7 


25 


333-5 


Sa. 


15 


257 


219 


83 


273 


85 


104 


180 


296 


309 


162 


7 


25 


333-5 


S 


16 


259 


221 


84 


285A. 


85 


. 








162 


7 


25 


333-5 


Mo. 


17 


262 


222 


86 


296 


86 








. 


162 


7 


25 


333-5 


Tu. 


18 


265 


224 


87 


308 


86 










162 


7 


25 


333-5 


W. 


19 


268 


226 


88 


320 13 


87 


105 


180 


297 


309 


162 


7 


25 


333-5 


Th. 


20 


271 


227 


89 


332 


87 










162 


7 


25 


333-5 


Fr. 


21 


273 


229 


90 


344 


88 




. 






162 


7 


25 


333-5 


Sa. 


22 


276 


230 


91 


357 5 


88 










162 


7 


25 


333-5 


S 


23 


279 


232 


92 


10 


89 


106 


181 


297 


310 


162 


7 


25 


333-5 


Mo. 


24 


282 


234 


93 


23 


89 


, 








162 


8 


25 


333-5 


Tu. 


25 


285 


235 


94 


37 


90 


. 




. 




163 


8 


25 


333-5 


W. 


26 


288 


237 


95 


51 


90 










163 


8 


25 


333-5 


Th. 


27 


291 


238 


96 


66 


91 


107 


182 


298 


311 


163 


8 


25 


333-5 


Fr. 


28 


294 


240 


97 


81 


91 










163 


8 


25 


333-5 


Sa. 


29 


297 


242 


98 


97o 


92 










163 


8 


25 


333-5 


s 


30 


300 


243 


99 


112 


92 










163 


8 


25 


333-5 


Mo. 


31 


304 


245 


100 


127 


93 


108 


182 


298 


312 


163 


8 


25 


3335 


APPEARANCE OF THE HEAVENS. 


December 1, Long. 0' s Q 148°. Geocentrically $ appears in Libra, % in 


Leo, and $ in Gemini. J 1 continues retrograding. $ , J 1 and If. are morning 


stars, while \i in Pisces is evening star. In the morning, Libra rises a little 


before the Sun ; with Leo near the meridian, and Gemini near the western hori- 


zon. What constellation is on the meridian at midnight ?- 5, ^ ceases retro- 
grading, and is now stationary, but will soon seem to advance. Moon eclipses 


Regulus. 6, d Third Quarter. 7, C eclipses %. 8, d goes south of equator. 


14, © New, and many globes in the same plane of long. 18, J 1 on the meri- 


dian at midnight. 21, Earth's axis most inclined to its radius vector. 22, ]) 


First Quarter 23, ]) comes north of equator. 25, Mean and solar time 


a?ree. 29, O Full. 31, Earth in perihelion. Why did not Mars have the 


Earth between it and the Sun on the 18th inst. ? Ans. Because Mars was 


then three million miles north of the plane of the Earth's orbit. 



A 



LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 




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OPINIONS 



Stevens's Di^-pm of the Solar System, intended to facilitate, 
by an easy mri^Sl 7(jhe study of Astronomy, is one of the best 
inventions tc^:' ?(j L )\ 71 pquisitions of the rudiments of this impor- 
tant and interessrAg, 1 -? I „nch of knowledge that has come under -, 
our observation for many years. We hope to see it adopted gen- > 
erally in our public schools and other seminaries of learning. — P 
Boston Post. 5 

A new and cheap Diagram of the Solar System has been in- 
vented by Mr. Enos Stevens, which promises to be of great use 
in families and schools, where the expense of an orrery renders 
the study of the rudiments of Astronomy difficult, if not impos- 
- sible. By means of this Diagram, and the pamphlet accompa- ». 

< nying it, the relative positions of each of the planets, for any day p 
^ in the year, may be readily ascertained. The inventor also gives p 
S a theory for prognosticating stormy days, high winds and tides, ^ 

< deduced from the motions of the heavenly bodies. — Boston Daily p 
C Journal. p 

< Stevens's Diagram of the Solar System, with its Globules, Ex- 5 
5 planations and Tables of the Longitude of the Moon and Planets, b 
5 is an ingenious and useful method of teaching the rudiments of ^ 
^ Astronomy. It is an accurate and daily miniature of the courses ^ 
C and distances of the planets of our Solar System, and shows their £ 
p positions with reference to the Constellations in and near the P 
^ Zodiac for every day, and thus furnishes a more correct local p 
C idea of the positions of all the astronomical phenomena than an £> 
S orrery. — Boston Recorder. •? 

C " Rudiments of Astronomy," with the accompanying Dia- p 

p gram, "by Enos Stevens," will be found of great utility in form- ^ 

P ing a clear idea of the revolutions and relative positions of the £ 

c members of our Solar System. The Diagram shows the orbits of b 

^ the planets, and has lines of longitude and right ascension, so as ^ 

% to represent, by its movable globules, the relative positions of 5 

cT the Sun, Moon, Planets, and Constellations of the Zodiac, on S 

5 every day for many years. — Transcript. 5 

cr Rudiments of Astronomy.-— Mr. Stevens was kind enough to £> 

^ call our attention to the above pamphlet, with its accompanying S 

% Diagram, and we have since become quite an adept in its use, ^ 

c* and familiar with the relative positions of the planets. Each or- s 

< bit is clearly marked out, and the Diagram has also lines of Ion- > 
J gitude, and right ascension, by which we can calculate, with its ^ 
cj miniature planets, the relative positions of the members of " the S 
$ starry heavens " for years to come. — Boston Bee. S 

< S Y ^lOAA;imW\A;WlAAru\A/\A;iA;\AAAAAAA;\AAA/\A/} v { ) 



